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Web mapping has brought many geographical datasets, including free ones generated by [[OpenStreetMap]] and proprietary datasets owned by [[Here (company)|HERE]], [[Petal Maps|Huawei]], [[Google]], [[Tencent]], [[TomTom]], and others. A range of [[:category:Free GIS software|free software to generate maps]] has also been conceived and implemented alongside proprietary tools like [[ArcGIS]]. As a result, the [[barrier to entry]] for serving maps on the web has been lowered.
The terms ''[[web GIS]]'' and ''web mapping'' are often used interchangeably, but the terms are distinct.<ref name=Fu1/><ref name=Fu2/><ref name=Zhang1/><ref name=Peterson1>{{cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=Michael P. |title=Mapping in the Cloud |year=2014 |publisher=The Guiford Press |___location=New York |isbn=978-1-4625-1041-2 |oclc=855580732 |url=https://archive.org/details/mappingincloud0000pete |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Web GIS, Simply |url=https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/insider/web-gis-simply/ |website=ESRI Newsroom Insider |publisher=ESRI |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=Ezekiel1>{{cite journal |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Kuria |last2=Kimani |first2=Stephen |last3=Mindila |first3=Agnes |title=A Framework for Web GIS Development: A Review |journal=International Journal of Computer Applications |date=June 2019 |volume=178 |issue=16 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.5120/ijca2019918863|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name= Rowland1>{{cite journal |last1=Rowland |first1=Alexandra |last2=Folmer |first2=Erwin |last3=Beek |first3=Wouter |title=Towards Self-Service GIS—Combining the Best of the Semantic Web and Web GIS |journal=ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |date=2020 |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=753 |doi=10.3390/ijgi9120753|doi-access=free }}</ref> Web GIS uses and enables web maps, and end users who are ''web mapping'' are gaining analytical capabilities from Web GIS, however Web GIS has more applications then web mapping, and web mapping can be accomplished without Web GIS. Web GIS emphasizes [[geodata]] processing aspects more involved with design aspects such as data acquisition and server software architecture such as data storage and algorithms, than it does the end-user reports themselves.<ref name="KraakSettingsAndNeeds"/> The term ''[[___location-based service]]s'' refers to ''web mapping'' consumer goods and services.<ref>Parker, C.J., May, A., Mitchell, V. and Burrows, A. (2013), “[https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/11589/15/Parker%20et%20al.%20(Capturing%20VGI%20For%20Inclusive%20Service_Design).pdf Capturing Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges]”, The Design Journal, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 197–218.</ref> Web mapping usually involves a [[web browser]] or other user agent capable of client-server interactions.<ref name="web_hist"/> Questions of quality, usability, social benefits, and legal constraints are driving its evolution.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=M.|last2=Sharples|first2=Sarah|last3=Harding|first3=Jenny|last4=Parker|first4=Christopher J.|last5=Bearman|first5=N.|last6=Maguire|first6=M.|last7=Forrest|first7=D.|last8=Haklay|first8=M.|last9=Jackson|first9=M.|title=Usability of Geographic Information: Current challenges and future directions|journal=Applied Ergonomics|date=2013|volume=44|issue=6|pages=855–865|doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.013|pmid=23177775|s2cid=26412254
== Types ==
A first classification of web maps has been made by [[Menno-Jan Kraak|Kraak]] in 2001.<ref name="KraakSettingsAndNeeds">[[Kraak, Menno Jan]] (2001): ''Settings and needs for web cartography'', in: Kraak and Allan Brown (eds), Web Cartography, Francis and Taylor, New York, p. 3–4. see also webpage [http://kartoweb.itc.nl/webcartography/webmaps/classification.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929022300/http://kartoweb.itc.nl/webcartography/webmaps/classification.htm |date=2018-09-29 }}. Accessed 2007-01-04.</ref> He distinguished ''static'' and ''dynamic'' web maps and further distinguished ''interactive'' and ''view only'' web maps. Today there an increased number of dynamic web maps types, and static web map sources.
===Analytical web maps===
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* Peterson, Michael P. (ed.) (2014): ''Mapping in the Cloud'', Guilford, {{ISBN|978-1-462-51041-2}}.
* Peterson, Michael P. (ed.) (2003): ''Maps and the Internet'', Elsevier, {{ISBN|0-08-044201-3}}.
* Rambaldi G, Chambers R., McCall M, And Fox J. 2006. [http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/ch14_rambaldi_pp106-113.pdf Practical ethics for PGIS practitioners, facilitators, technology intermediaries and researchers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081038/http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/ch14_rambaldi_pp106-113.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}. PLA 54:106-113, IIED, London, UK
* Gaffuri J, 2012. ''[http://www.ahahah.eu/data/doc/gisscience2012_gaffuri_draft.pdf Toward web mapping with vector data]''. Vol. 7478 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Ch. 7, pp. 87–101. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33024-7_7 DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-33024-7_7]
* Feldman, S 2010. [http://www.slideshare.net/stevenfeldman/history-of-web-mapping History of Web Mapping - slide deck] and [https://www.mindmeister.com/maps/show/84442111 History of Web Mapping - mind map]
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'''Sites'''
* [http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu/docs/ UMN MapServer documentation and tutorials]
* [http://www.carto.net/papers/svg/samples/ Webmapping with SVG, Postgis and UMN MapServer tutorials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611191656/http://www.carto.net/papers/svg/samples/ |date=2017-06-11 }}
* [http://www.icaci.org International Cartographic Association (ICA)], the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals
* [https://guides.library.duke.edu/gisdata Comparison of Online Mapping Tools], Duke University
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