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==Methods of human-based computation==
* (HC) [[Darwin (programming game)|Darwin]] (Vyssotsky, Morris, McIlroy, 1961) and [[Core War]] (Jones, Dewdney 1984) These are games where several programs written by people compete in a tournament (computational simulation) in which fittest programs will survive. Authors of the programs copy, modify, and recombine successful strategies to improve their chances of winning.
* (CH) [[Interactive genetic algorithm|Interactive EC]] (Dawkins, 1986; Caldwell and Johnston, 1991; Sims, 1991) IEC enables the user to create an abstract drawing only by selecting his/her favorite images, so human only performs fitness computation and software performs innovative role. [Unemi 1998] Simulated breeding style introduces no explicit fitness, just selection, which is easier for humans.<ref>{{cite
* (HH<sub>2</sub>) [[Wiki]] ([[Ward Cunningham|Cunningham]], 1995) enabled editing the web content by multiple users, i.e. supported two types of human-based innovation (contributing new page and its incremental edits). However, the selection mechanism was absent until 2002, when wiki has been augmented with a revision history allowing for reversing of unhelpful changes. This provided means for selection among several versions of the same page and turned wiki into a [[The Wiki Way|tool]] supporting collaborative content evolution (would be classified as human-based evolution strategy in EC terms).
* (HH<sub>3</sub>) [[Human-based genetic algorithm]] (Kosorukoff, 1998) uses both human-based selection and three types of human-based innovation (contributing new content, mutation, and recombination). Thus, all operators of a typical [[genetic algorithm]] are outsourced to humans (hence the origin of '''human-based'''). This idea is extended to integrating crowds with genetic algorithm to study creativity in 2011.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1978942.1979147 |title=Cooks or cobblers?: Crowd creativity through combination |author=Yu, Lixiu; and Jeffrey V. Nickerson |date=May 7, 2011 |pages=1393–1402 |doi=10.1145/1978942.1979147 |isbn=9781450302289 |s2cid=11287874 |access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref>
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