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→Definition: Readability of inline division (subscript was rather near to division) |
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where {{math|''V'' {{=}} −''E''<sub>F</sub> / ''e''}} is the voltage of the material (as measured by a [[voltmeter]], through an attached electrode), relative to an [[electrical ground]] that is defined as having zero Fermi level. The fact that {{math|''ϕ''}} depends on the material surface means that the space between two dissimilar conductors will have a built-in [[electric field]], when those conductors are in total equilibrium with each other (electrically shorted to each other, and with equal temperatures).
The work function refers to removal of an electron to a position that is far enough from the surface (many nm) that the force between the electron and its [[Method of image charges|image charge]] in the surface can be neglected.<ref name="Kittel" /> The electron must also be close to the surface compared to the nearest edge of a crystal facet, or to any other change in the surface structure, such as a change in the material composition, surface coating or reconstruction. The built-in electric field that results from these structures, and any other ambient electric field present in the vacuum
== Applications ==
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