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m Added = <E^2> - <E>^2 = to the variance. This makes the relationship to the second order partial derivative on the right a little easier to derive. |
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The [[variance]] in the energy (or "energy fluctuation") is
<math display="block">\langle (\Delta E)^2 \rangle \equiv \langle (E - \langle
E\rangle)^2 \rangle = \langle E^2 \rangle - \langle E \rangle^2 = \frac{\partial^2 \ln Z}{\partial \beta^2}.</math>
The [[heat capacity]] is
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