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# Rise in voltage in a single line due to ground fault
# Residual voltage and relay settings
# Interference due to power line.<ref>Soonee, Sushil Kuman. "Short Circuit Analysis for Power System." RCC "Feedback"6.12 (1983): 3-5. POSOCO. POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CORPORATION LIMITED. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.
==Transient stability simulation==
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* ___location and specifications for distributed control devices such as tap-changing transformers, switched shunt compensation, static Var compensators, flexible AC transmission systems, etc.,
* ___location and specifications for protection devices such as relays and load shedding, and
* ___location and specifications of any other relevant control and/or protection devices.<ref>Smith, Michael. “Electric Power System Modeling & Simulation.” 15 Feb. 2010. Powerpoint presentation.
The acceptable amount of time it takes grid voltages return to their intended levels is dependent on the magnitude of voltage disturbance, and the most common standard is specified by the CBEMA curve in Figure. 1. This curve informs both electronic equipment design and grid stability data reporting.<ref>"CBEMA Curve– The Power Acceptability Curve for Computer Business Equipment." Power Quality In Electrical Systems. N.p., 3 Apr. 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.
==Unit commitment==
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The objective function in OPF can take on different forms relating to active or reactive power quantities that we wish to either minimise or maximise. For example we may wish to minimise transmission losses or minimise real power generation costs on a power network.
Other power flow solution methods like stochastic optimization incorporate the uncertainty found in modeling power systems by using the probability distributions of certain variables whose exact values are not known. When uncertainties in the constraints are present, such as for dynamic line ratings, chance constrained optimization can be used where the probability of violating a constraint is limited to a certain value.<ref>Giraldo, Juan S., Juan Camilo López, Jhon A. Castrillon, Marcos J. Rider, and Carlos A. Castro. "Probabilistic OPF model for unbalanced three-phase electrical distribution systems considering robust constraints." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 34, no. 5 (2019): 3443-3454. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2909404</ref> Another technique to model variability is the [[Monte Carlo method]], in which different combinations of inputs and resulting outputs are considered based on the probability of their occurrence in the real world. This method can be applied to simulations for system security and unit commitment risk, and it is increasingly being used to model probabilistic load flow with renewable and/or distributed generation.<ref>Banerjee, Binayak, and Syed Islam. "Modelling and Simulation of Power Systems." Smart Power Systems and Renewable Energy System Integration. By Dilan Jayaweera. Vol. 57. Cham: Springer International, 2016. 15-26. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. Springer Link. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.
==Models of competitive behavior==
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