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|image=B26056056H - The landing of the British Army at Chillinching on the island of Java 4th Augt. 1811.jpg
|image_size=280px
|caption= [[British
|partof=the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
|date=August – 18 September 1811<ref>{{cite news |title=Masa Penjajahan Inggris di Indonesia|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/02/11/140000669/masa-penjajahan-inggris-di-indonesia?page=all |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=Kompas.com}}</ref>
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{{Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars}}
}}
The '''Invasion of Java in 1811''' was a successful British [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious operation]] against the Dutch East Indian island of [[Java]] that took place between August and September 1811 during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Originally established as a colony of the [[Dutch Republic]], Java remained in Dutch hands throughout the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolutionary]] and Napoleonic Wars, during which time the French invaded the Republic and established the [[Batavian Republic]] in 1795, and the [[Kingdom of Holland]] in 1806. The Kingdom of Holland was annexed to the [[First French Empire]] in 1810, and Java became a titular French colony, though it continued to be administered and defended primarily by Dutch personnel.
After the fall of French colonies in the West Indies in 1809 and 1810, and a successful [[Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811|campaign against French possessions in Mauritius]] in 1810 and 1811, attention turned to the [[Dutch East Indies]]. An expedition was dispatched from India in April 1811, while a small squadron of frigates was ordered to patrol off the island, raiding shipping and launching amphibious assaults against [[Target of opportunity|targets of opportunity]]. Troops were landed on 4 August, and by 8 August the undefended city of [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]] capitulated. The defenders withdrew to a previously prepared fortified position,
The island remained in British hands for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars, but was restored to the Dutch in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Convention of London]] in 1814.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
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==Background==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Olieverfschilderij voorstellende het Kasteel Batavia gezien van Kali Besar west met op de voorgrond de vismarkt TMnr 118-167.jpg|thumb|left|Batavia, capital of Dutch East Indies, with citadel in the background.]]
The Netherlands had been controlled by France for several years and was already at war with Britain. The strongly pro-French [[Herman Willem Daendels]] was appointed Governor General of the [[Dutch East Indies]] in 1807. He arrived in Java aboard the French privateer ''Virginie'' in 1808, and began fortifying the island against the threat of a British siege.<ref name=Fregosi320>{{cite book|last=Fregosi|title=Dreams of Empire|page=320}}</ref> In particular, Daendels established an entrenched camp named Fort Cornelis a few miles south of [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]]. He also improved the island's defences by building new hospitals, barracks, arms factories and a new military college.
In 1810, the Netherlands were formally annexed by France. As part of the resulting changes, [[Jan Willem Janssens]] was appointed personally by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] to replace Daendels as Governor General. Janssens had previously served as Governor General of the [[Cape Colony]], and had been forced to capitulate after being defeated by British forces at the [[Battle of Blaauwberg]] in 1806. Janssens accompanied a French frigate division under
The British [[Invasion of the Spice Islands|had already occupied]] the Dutch East Indian possessions of [[Ambon Island|Ambon]] and the [[Molucca Islands]]. They had also recently captured the French islands of [[Réunion]] and [[Mauritius]] in the [[Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811]]. [[Stamford Raffles]], an official of the [[British East India Company]] who had been forced to leave the Dutch settlement at [[Malacca]] when the Netherlands were annexed, suggested to [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], the [[Governor-General of India]], that Java and the other Dutch possessions should be captured. With the large forces which had been made available to him for the Mauritius campaign, Minto enthusiastically adopted the suggestion, and even proposed to accompany the expedition himself.<ref name=Fregosi320/>
===Naval raids===
The Navy was active off the Javanese coastline before and during the expedition. On 23 May 1811 a party from {{HMS|Sir Francis Drake|1805|6}} attacked a flotilla of fourteen Dutch gun vessels off [[Surabaya]], capturing nine of them.<ref name="James27"/> Merak, in north-western Java, was attacked and the fort defending the town largely demolished by a party from {{HMS|Minden|1810|6}} and
==Invasion==
[[File:The Boats of H.M.S Sloop Procris (10 guns) engaging French Gunboats off the mouth of the Indramayo, Java.jpg|thumb|Captain Robert Maunsell capturing French Gunboats off the mouth of the [[Indramayu|Indramayo]], July 1811]]
The British force, initially under the command of Vice-Admiral [[William O'Bryen Drury]], and then after his death in March 1811, under Commodore [[William Robert Broughton]], assembled at bases in India in early 1811.<ref name="James26">{{cite book |last=James|title=The Naval History of Great Britain|volume=6|page=26}}</ref> The first division of troops, under the command of Colonel [[Rollo Gillespie]], left [[Madras]] on 18 April, escorted by a squadron under Captain [[Christopher Cole (Royal Navy officer)|Christopher Cole]] aboard the 36-gun {{HMS|Caroline|1795|6}}. They arrived at [[Penang]] on 18 May, and on 21 May the second division, led by Major-General [[Frederick Augustus Wetherall]], which had left [[Calcutta]] on 21 April, escorted by a squadron under Captain [[Fleetwood Pellew]], aboard the 38-gun {{HMS|Phaeton|1782|6}} joined them.<ref name="James26"/> The two squadrons sailed together, arriving at [[Malacca]] on 1 June, where they made contact with a division of troops from [[Bengal]] under Lieutenant-General [[Samuel Auchmuty (British Army officer)|Sir Samuel Auchmuty]], escorted by Commodore Broughton aboard the 74-gun {{HMS|Illustrious|1803|6}}. Auchmuty and Broughton became the military and naval commanders in chief respectively of the expedition.<ref name="James26"/> With the force now assembled Auchmuty had roughly 11,960 men under his command, the previous strength having been reduced by approximately 1,200 by sickness. Those too ill to travel on were landed at Malacca, and on 11 June the fleet sailed onwards. After calling at various points en route, the force arrived off [[Indramayu]] on 30 June.<ref name="James27">{{cite book |last=James|title=The Naval History of Great Britain|volume=6|page=27}}</ref> On 31 July Captain Maunsell commanding the sloop the ''Procris'', discovered a convoy of 40 or 50 [[proas]], escorted by six French gunboats in the mouth of the Indromayo river. Launching boats they were able to board and capture five of the French gunboats in quick succession; the sixth blew up. Meanwhile, however, the convoy escaped up the shallow muddy river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Robert Maunsell capturing French gunboats off Java, July 1811 |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-15631 |website=Royal Greenwich Museums |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>
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===Later actions===
Royal Navy ships continued to patrol off the coast, occasionally making raids on targets of opportunity. On 4 September two French 40-gun frigates, the [[French frigate Méduse (1810)|''Méduse'']] and the [[French frigate Nymphe (1811)|''Nymphe'']] attempted to escape from [[Surabaya]]. They were pursued by the 36-gun {{HMS|Bucephalus|1808|6}} and the 18-gun
On 31 August a force from the frigates {{HMS|Hussar|1807|6}}, {{HMS|Phaeton|1782|6}} and {{HMS|Sir Francis Drake|1805|6}}, and the sloop
While the navy took control of coastal towns, the army pushed on into the interior of the island. Janssens had been reinforced on 3 September by 1,200 mounted irregulars under Prince Prang Wedono and other Javanese militia. On 16 September [[Salatiga]] fell to the British.<ref name="James39"/> Janssens attacked a British force under Colonel Samuel Gibbs that day, but was repulsed. Many of the native militia killed their Dutch officers in the ensuing rout.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fregosi|title=Dreams of Empire|page=324}}</ref> With his effective force reduced to a handful of men, Janssens surrendered two days later, on 18 September.<ref name="Woodman110"/><ref name="James39"/>
==Aftermath==
The Dutch-held islands of [[Ambon Island|Amboyna]], [[Haruku|Harouka]], [[Saparua]], [[Nusa Laut|Nasso-Laut]], [[Buru]], [[Manipa]], [[Manado]], [[Kupang|Copang]], Amenang, Kemar, Twangwoo, and [[Ternate]] had surrendered to a force led by Captain Edward Tucker in 1810, while Captain Christopher Cole captured the [[Banda Islands]], completing the conquest of Dutch possessions in the [[Maluku Islands]].<ref name="Woodman104-6"/> Java became the last major colonial possession in the East not under British control, and its fall marked the effective end of the war in these waters.<ref name="Woodman110"/><ref name="Woodman104-6">{{cite book|last=Woodman|title=The Victory of Seapower|pages=104–6}}</ref> [[Stamford Raffles]] was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Java.<ref>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor By Keat Gin Ooi Contributor Keat Gin Ooi Published by ABC-CLIO, 2004; {{ISBN|1-57607-770-5}}, {{ISBN|978-1-57607-770-2}}; p. 937</ref><ref>British India - From Queen Elizabeth To Lord Reading. By An Indian Mahomedan Contributed by Theodore Morison, 1926 republished by READ BOOKS, 2007; {{ISBN|1-4067-5148-0}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4067-5148-2}}; pp. 81, 82, 83, 84</ref> He ended Dutch administrative methods, liberalized the system of land tenure, and extended trade.
Britain returned Java and other East Indian possessions to the newly independent [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the terms of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Convention of London]] in 1814. One enduring legacy of the British occupation was the road rules, as the British had decreed that [[Left- and right-hand traffic|traffic should drive on the left]], and this has endured in [[Indonesia]] to this day.
==Sepoy
The [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[sepoy]] regiments stationed in Yogyakarta in 1815, inspired by the Hindu rituals of the [[Surakarta]] court and the glory of the Javanese temples of [[Prambanan]] and [[Borobodur]] planned a revolt against the British. This plot was conjured with the help of [[Pakubuwana IV|Sunan]] and the sepoys planned to kill all the British officers, overthrow European power, and install a Bengali administration over the whole island. In the end, the plan never came to fruition. As described by British officer Sir Stamford Raffles:
{{blockquote |text=the Hindus appear to have been gratified at discovering relics of their ancient religion and faith [in Java] and to have received without dislike a country in which they found themselves so much at home...the sepoys always pointed out that Java was the land of Brama. This they would say was the country in which their gods took delight; this must be the country described in their sacredbooks and not Hindustan, which, if ever the abode of the gods must have since been strangely altered, and that it was a sin and a shame that the land of Brama should remain in the hands of infidels |author= Sir Stamford Raffles}}
He further stated that this revolt would ultimately have led to the reestablishment of [[Hinduism]] in
{{blockquote |text=The intimacy between this prince [Pakubuwana IV] and the Sepoys first commenced from his attending ceremonies of their religious worship, which was Hindu, and assisting them with several idols of that worship which had been preserved in his family. The conspirators availing themselves of the predilection of the prince for the religion of his ancestors, flattered him by addressing him as a descendant of the great Ráma [Rama], and a deliberate plan was formed, the object of which was to place the European provinces once more under a Hindu power. Had this plan been attended with success, it would probably have been followed by the almost immediate and general reconversion of the Javanese themselves to the Hindu faith |author= Sir Stamford Raffles}}
The Sunan of Surakarta took an avid interest in the [[Hindus|Hindu]]
{{blockquote |text=In Surakarta, however, the Sunan immediately responded to the sepoys’ overtures by lending them Hindu images from the court collections and by providing money for the decoration of the statues and to light up the ghāt (platforms) on which they were placed. He also attended various ceremonies inside the fort, usually alone and dressed as a common Javanese, but sometimes also accompanied by members of his family when he would arrive by carriage (Carey 1977:302). In return, the Sunan welcomed leading sepoy conspirators into his court, sitting with them in the evenings at the Randingan, the place set aside for archery practice in the kraton, where he would interrogate them on the manner and customs of India and watch their gymnastic displays (Carey 1977:303, 317 note 61). The sepoys also told him about the history of Bengal, the strength of the British army in India and their victories there, stressing that the power of the farang (British) was entirely dependant on their British-Indian troops<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/20133619 |title=The Kolkata (Calcutta) Stone and the Bicentennial of the British Interregnum in Java, 1811 – 1816 |last1=Carey |first1=Peter B. |journal=The Newsletter |number=74 |date=Summer 2016 |via=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789067183031/B9789067183031-s009.pdf |title=Into a new era the British interregnum, 1812-1816}}</ref>}}
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