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While t-SNE plots often seem to display [[cluster analysis|clusters]], the visual clusters can be influenced strongly by the chosen parameterization and therefore a good understanding of the parameters for t-SNE is necessary. Such "clusters" can be shown to even appear in non-clustered data,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/264647|title=K-means clustering on the output of t-SNE|website=Cross Validated|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref> and thus may be false findings. Interactive exploration may thus be necessary to choose parameters and validate results.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pezzotti|first1=Nicola|last2=Lelieveldt|first2=Boudewijn P. F.|last3=Maaten|first3=Laurens van der|last4=Hollt|first4=Thomas|last5=Eisemann|first5=Elmar|last6=Vilanova|first6=Anna|date=2017-07-01|title=Approximated and User Steerable tSNE for Progressive Visual Analytics|journal=IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics|language=en-US|volume=23|issue=7|pages=1739–1752|doi=10.1109/tvcg.2016.2570755|pmid=28113434|issn=1077-2626|arxiv=1512.01655|s2cid=353336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://distill.pub/2016/misread-tsne/|title=How to Use t-SNE Effectively|last1=Wattenberg|first1=Martin|last2=Viégas|first2=Fernanda|date=2016-10-13|journal=Distill|language=en|access-date=4 December 2017|last3=Johnson|first3=Ian|volume=1 |issue=10 |doi=10.23915/distill.00002 }}</ref> It has been demonstrated that t-SNE is often able to recover well-separated clusters, and with special parameter choices, approximates a simple form of [[spectral clustering]].<ref>{{cite arXiv|last1=Linderman|first1=George C.|last2=Steinerberger|first2=Stefan|date=2017-06-08|title=Clustering with t-SNE, provably|eprint=1706.02582|class=cs.LG}}</ref>
For a data set with ''n'' elements, t-SNE runs in {{math|O(''n''<sup>2</sup>)}} time and requires {{math|O(''n''<sup>2</sup>)}} space.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.01655.pdf|title=Approximated and User Steerable tSNE for Progressive Visual Analytics|last=Pezzotti|first=Nicola|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
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