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Different programming languages, operating systems, and programming environments often have their own conventions and standards for the meanings and values of error codes. Examples include:
* [[Unix-like]] systems have an [[errno.h]] header file that contains the meanings and values of error codes returned by [[system call]]s and library functions.<ref>{{man|2|intro|v7}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{man|3|errno|Linux}}</ref><ref>{{man|2|intro|Solaris}}</ref>
* [[Windows API|Microsoft Windows' application programming interfaces (APIs)]] have several different standards for error code values, depending on the specific API being used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[MS-ERREF]: Overview |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-erref/774ca55e-5e94-49ad-8710-c777fc717599 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=learn.microsoft.com |date=30 March 2020 }}</ref>
The usage of error codes as an error handling strategy is often contrasted against using [[Exception handling|exceptions]] for error handling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TylerMSFT |title=Modern C++ best practices for exceptions and error handling |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/errors-and-exception-handling-modern-cpp |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Learn.Microsoft.com |date=17 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Standard C++ |url=https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/exceptions#exceptions-avoid-spreading-out-error-logic |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=IsoCpp.org }}</ref>
==In communication protocols==
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