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The '''2019 Japanese imperial transition''' occurred on 30 April 2019 when the then 85-year-old [[Akihito|Emperor Akihito]] of [[Japan]] abdicated from the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] after reigning for 30 years,<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan's emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Japan-s-emperor-thanks-country-prays-for-peace-before-abdication |website=Nikkei Asian Review |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430112220/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Japan-s-emperor-thanks-country-prays-for-peace-before-abdication |archive-date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> becoming the first [[Emperor of Japan]] to do so since [[Emperor Kōkaku]] in 1817. This marked the end of the [[Heisei era]]
== Emperor and Constitution ==
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In 2010, Emperor Akihito informed his advisory council that he would eventually like to retire from his position. However, no action was taken by senior members of the [[Imperial Household Agency]].<ref name="japan-forward.com">{{cite web|url=http://japan-forward.com/do-not-let-the-emperors-abdication-be-an-occasion-for-cynical-political-gain/|title=Do Not Let the Emperor's Abdication Be an Occasion for Cynical Political Gain – JAPAN Forward|date=11 May 2017|website=Japan-forward.com|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224094226/http://japan-forward.com/do-not-let-the-emperors-abdication-be-an-occasion-for-cynical-political-gain/|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 13 July 2016, national broadcaster [[NHK]] reported that the Emperor wished to [[Abdication|abdicate]] in favour of his
Senior officials within the [[Imperial Household Agency]] denied that there was any official plan for the monarch to abdicate. A potential abdication by the Emperor would require an amendment to the [[Imperial Household Law]], which has no provisions for such a move.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160713/k10010594271000.html |title=天皇陛下 「生前退位」の意向示される ("His Majesty The Emperor Indicates His Intention to 'Abdicate'") |publisher=NHK |language=ja |date=13 July 2016 |access-date=13 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713100512/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160713/k10010594271000.html |archive-date=13 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36784045|title=Japanese Emperor Akihito 'wishes to abdicate'|work=BBC News|date=13 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410170615/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36784045|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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In January 2017, the Lower House Budget committee began informally debating the constitutional nature of the abdication.<ref name="japan-forward.com" />
On 19 May 2017, the bill that would allow Akihito to abdicate was issued by the [[Cabinet of Japan]]. On 8 June 2017, the [[National Diet]] passed it into law, permitting the government to begin arranging the process of handing over the position to [[Naruhito
He received the title of {{Nihongo|Jōkō|上皇|extra=Emperor Emeritus}}, an abbreviation of {{Nihongo|[[Daijō Tennō]]|太上天皇}}, upon abdicating, and his wife, the Empress, became {{Nihongo|Jōkōgō|上皇后|extra=Empress Emerita}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0004115774# |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208190111/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0004115774# |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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On 1 December 2017, the [[Imperial Household Council]], which had not met in 24 years, did so in order to schedule the ceremonies involved in the first such transfer of power in two centuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/11/22/national/government-meet-dec-1-discuss-emperors-abdication-date/#.WhrhVhNSwnU|title=April 30 most likely date for Emperor Akihito's abdication: government sources|date=22 November 2017|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009212730/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/11/22/national/government-meet-dec-1-discuss-emperors-abdication-date/#.WhrhVhNSwnU|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="japantoday">{{cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/politics/emperor-could-abdicate-either-in-march-or-april-of-2019-sources|title=Gov't to hold meeting Dec 1 to discuss emperor's abdication date|website=Japan Today|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121234535/https://japantoday.com/category/politics/emperor-could-abdicate-either-in-march-or-april-of-2019-sources|archive-date=21 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Imperial Household Council consists of the [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime minister]], the [[
[[Chief Cabinet Secretary]] [[Yoshihide Suga]] told reporters that the date was chosen to permit the old Emperor to be able to preside over the 30th anniversary Jubilee and to coincide with the [[Golden Week (Japan)|Golden Week]] annual holiday period, turning the changeover from a period of mourning and makeshift ceremonial into a joyous, well-planned festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/politics/Emperor-Akihito-to-abdicate-on-April-30-2019|title=Emperor Akihito to abdicate on April 30, 2019|website=Japantoday.com|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224525/https://japantoday.com/category/politics/Emperor-Akihito-to-abdicate-on-April-30-2019|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
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[[File:Yoshihide Suga announcing new imperial era Reiwa 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Chief Cabinet Secretary]] [[Yoshihide Suga]] announces the new Imperial era "Reiwa" to the press.]]
Since the [[Meiji Restoration]] in 1867, a new [[Japanese era name|Japanese Era]] starts the day after the death of old emperor
While the Era names for the [[Shōwa era|Shōwa]] and [[Heisei
Until the Era name became known, computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems before the transition in order to ensure that the new era will be handled correctly by their software. Some systems provided test mechanisms to simulate a new era ahead of time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2018/04/12/the-japanese-calendars-y2k-moment/|title=The Japanese Calendar's Y2K Moment|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005137/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2018/04/12/the-japanese-calendars-y2k-moment/|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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[[File:Enthronement Ceremony of Emperor Naruhito 2.png|thumb|right|Emperor Naruhito during the Enthronement Ceremony]]
The '''[[Enthronement of the Japanese emperor|Enthronement Ceremony]] for Emperor Naruhito''' took place in the [[Imperial Palace, Tokyo|Imperial Palace]] in [[Tokyo]] on 22 October 2019, marking the end of the transition period. It was an extra holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/genre/society/l10784/|title=Japan May Make New Emperor's Proclamation Date Nonworking Day (News)|date=13 February 2018|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313162339/https://www.nippon.com/en/genre/society/l10784/|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was attended by current and former Japanese politicians and more than 3,000 other official guests, which included more than 120 heads of state and government, as well as high-profile delegates from about 210 countries and territories and 9 organizations (the only country not to be invited to this ceremony was [[Syria]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalcentral.co.uk/asia/japan/a-look-at-the-events-surrounding-japans-enthronement-ceremony-132338/ |title=A look at the events surrounding Japan's Enthronement Ceremony |date=21 October 2019 |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605163002/https://royalcentral.co.uk/asia/japan/a-look-at-the-events-surrounding-japans-enthronement-ceremony-132338/ |archive-date=5 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Enthronement Ceremony began at 9 am
At 1 pm
===[[Imperial House of Japan|Japanese Imperial Family]]===
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== Timeline ==
;[[Heisei era]]
=== 2010 ===
[[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] [[Akihito]] informs his advisory council that he would like to abdicate eventually and asks for their help in arranging this.
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* 13 July: [[NHK]] reports his wishes to the public.
* 8 August: The Emperor makes address to the public on television and radio implying the above wish.<ref>{{cite web |title=Message from His Majesty The Emperor|url=https://www.kunaicho.go.jp/page/okotoba/detailEn/12 |website=[[Imperial Household Agency]] |access-date=20 September 2023 |date=8 August 2016}}</ref>
* September: [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[
=== 2017 ===
*12 January: Public debate on abdication in the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] Budget committee.
*11 May: A report of a joint committee of the National Diet recommends a one-off bill to facilitate the first imperial abdication in two centuries.
*19 May: [[Third Abe Cabinet
*2 June: The abdication bill passes the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] (Lower House of the [[National Diet]]).<ref name="abdicationbillpass">{{cite news |title=Japan passes bill allowing emperor to abdicate for 1st time in 200 years into law |url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20170609/p2a/00m/0na/013000c |website=Mainichi Daily News |access-date=5 May 2019 |language=en |date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505044522/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20170609/p2a/00m/0na/013000c |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*9 June: The abdication bill passes the [[House of Councillors]] (
*November: The Cabinet suggests that 30 April 2019 will be an appropriate date of abdication.
*1 December: The [[Imperial Household Council]], which has not met in a quarter century, does so and approves the date suggested.<ref>{{cite web |last1=INC |first1=SANKEI DIGITAL |title=【天皇陛下譲位】宮内庁が１２月１日の皇室会議の議事概要を公表 |url=https://www.sankei.com/politics/news/171208/plt1712080017-n1.html |website=産経ニュース |access-date=5 May 2019 |language=ja |date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505041850/https://www.sankei.com/politics/news/171208/plt1712080017-n1.html |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Agency didn't keep full record of talks to decide abdication date：The Asahi Shimbun |url=http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201812130062.html |website=The Asahi Shimbun |access-date=5 May 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505045923/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201812130062.html |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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*8 January: 30th Anniversary Jubilee begins with commemoration ceremonies for the [[Emperor Shōwa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalcentral.co.uk/international/japan/thirtieth-anniversary-of-fathers-death-commemorated-by-emperor-akihito-113918|title=Thirtieth anniversary of father's death commemorated by Emperor Akihito|first=Amy Eloise|last=KellyReporter|date=9 January 2019|access-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113063022/http://royalcentral.co.uk/international/japan/thirtieth-anniversary-of-fathers-death-commemorated-by-emperor-akihito-113918|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Start of official farewell celebrations for Emperor Akihito.
*14 February: A survey was listed out for suggestions about Naruhito's era name.<ref>https://japantoday.com/category/have-your-say/what-are-your-suggestions-for-the-new-era-name-to-be-announced-by-the-japanese-government-on-april-1-sensible-answers-only-please {{dead link|date=April 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
*24 February: 30th Jubilee of Akihito celebrations at the [[National Theatre of Japan|National Theater]].<ref name="japantimes.co.jp" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-emperor-jubilee-idUSKCN1QD084|title=Emperor Akihito, soon to abdicate, urges Japan to build 'sincere'...|newspaper=Reuters|date=24 February 2019|access-date=1 May 2019|via=www.reuters.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321150622/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-emperor-jubilee-idUSKCN1QD084|archive-date=21 March 2019|url-status=live|last1=Sieg|first1=Linda}}</ref>
*25 February: The [[Imperial Household Agency]] announces that Akihito and Michiko's [[English language|English]] titles upon abdication will be ''His Imperial Majesty'' The Emperor Emeritus and ''Her Imperial Majesty'' The Empress Emerita, respectively.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/25/national/japans-emperor-akihito-addressed-emeritus-abdication/ | title=Japan's Emperor Akihito to be addressed with 'emeritus' after abdication | newspaper=[[The Japan Times]] | date=26 February 2019 | access-date=13 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043501/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/25/national/japans-emperor-akihito-addressed-emeritus-abdication/ | archive-date=6 March 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*12 March: Traditional private abdication ceremonies and rituals began with the ''Kashikodokoro-ni-Taii-oyobi-sono-Kijitsu-Hōkoku-no-gi'' ceremony.
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