Java arquebus: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:30, 13 October 2023

Revision as of 09:02, 13 October 2023

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=== Malay peninsula ===

The Portuguese found various gunpowder weapons after the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|1511 conquest of Malacca]]. It is known that the Malays of Malacca obtained arms from Java.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Crawfurd|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n8/mode/2up?q=|title=A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries|publisher=Bradbury and Evans|year=1856}}</ref>{{Rp|21–22}} Despite having a lot of artillery and firearms, the weapons were mostly and mainly purchased from the Javanese and Gujarati, where the Javanese and Gujarati were the operators of the weapons. In the early 16th century, prior to the Portuguese arrival, the Malays were a people who lacked firearms. The Malay chronicle, ''[[Sejarah Melayu]]'', mentioned that in 1509 they do not understand “why bullets killed”, indicating their unfamiliarity with using firearms in battle, if not in ceremony.<ref name=":12">Charney, Michael (2012). Iberians and Southeast Asians at War: the Violent First Encounter at Melaka in 1511 and After. In ''Waffen Wissen Wandel: Anpassung und Lernen in transkulturellen Erstkonflikten''. Hamburger Edition.</ref>{{Rp|3}} ''Asia Portuguesa'' by [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa|Manuel de Faria y Sousa]] recorded a similar story, although not as spectacular as described in ''Sejarah Melayu''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koek |first=E. |date=1886 |title=Portuguese History of Malacca |url=https://archive.org/details/portuguese-history-of-malacca/page/n1/mode/2up |journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=17 |pages=117–149}}</ref>{{Rp|120–121}}

[[File:Toeschouwers kijken naar de Baris Bedil op Bali, KITLV 117158.tiff|thumb|A ''Baris Bedil'' (gun dance) performance in Bali, Indonesia.]]

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Historian [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] mentions matchlocks (''espingardão''—large ''espingarda'' / arquebus), he says that they threw balls, some of stone, and some of iron covered with lead.<ref>{{Cite book|last=De Castanheda|first=Fernão Lopes|title=História do descobrimento & conquista da India pelos portugueses|year=1552|___location=Coimbra}}</ref><ref name=":2" />{{Rp|22}} The son of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] mentioned the armament of Malacca: There are large matchlocks, poisoned blowing tubes, bows, arrows, armour-plated dresses (''[[Baju Lamina|laudeis de laminas]]''), Javanese lances, and other sorts of weapons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=The son of Afonso de Albuquerque |url=https://archive.org/details/commentariosdog00unkngoog/page/n165/mode/2up?q |title=Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III|publisher=Na Regia Officina Typografica |year=1774 |___location=Lisboa |pages=144}}</ref><ref name=":5" />{{rp|127}} After Malacca was taken by the Portuguese, they captured 3000 of the 5000 muskets which had been furnished from Java.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Egerton|first=W.|title=An Illustrated Handbook of Indian Arms|publisher=W.H. Allen|year=1880}}</ref>{{Rp|96}}

Afonso de Albuquerque compared Malaccan gun founders as being on the same level as those of Germany. However, he did not state what ethnicity the Malaccan gun founder was.<ref name=":5" />{{rp|128}}<ref name=":112" />{{Rp|221}}<ref name=":12" />{{rp|4}} Duarte Barbosa stated that the arquebus-maker of Malacca was [[Javanese people|Javanese]].<ref name=":11">Reid, Anthony (1989). [https://archive.org/details/reid-anthony-the-organization-of-production-1989/mode/2up?q The Organization of Production in the Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian Port City]. In Broeze, Frank (Ed.), ''Brides of the Sea: Asian Port Cities in the Colonial Era'' (pp. 54–74). University of Hawaii Press.</ref>{{Rp|69}} The Javanese also manufactured their own cannon in Malacca.<ref>Furnivall, J. S. (2010). ''Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy''. Cambridge University Press. p. 9</ref> Anthony Reid argued that the Javanese handled much of the productive work in Malacca before 1511 and in 17th century Pattani.<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|69}}

=== Indochina ===