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=== Artistic and literary movements ===
[[File:Gino Severini, 1912, Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin (detail).jpg|thumb|upright|Early 20th century movements like [[Italian Futurism]] stressed language and the sound of words.{{sfn|Fimi|2010|pp=86ff}} [[Gino Severini]]'s 1912 ''Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin'' (detail shown) incorporates words like "Bowling" and "POLKA" in its imagery.]]
The Tolkien scholar [[Dimitra Fimi]] notes that around 1900 there were multiple artistic and literary movements that stressed language and the sound of words, and the possibility of conveying meaning even with words that were apparently nonsense. These included [[Italian Futurism]], British [[Vorticism]], and the [[Imagism]] of the poet [[Ezra Pound]]. Fimi further observes that in the late 19th century, [[Nonsense verse|nonsense poets]] such as [[Lewis Carroll]] with his ''[[Jabberwocky]]'' and [[Edward Lear]] sought to convey meaning using invented words.{{sfn|Fimi|2010|pp=86ff}}{{sfn|Higgins|2015|pp=21, 39}}
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