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=== RENATRAN ===
The very first standard for crate electronics was Renatran, which itself was derived from the Esone Standard published in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Renatran Basic Functional Units|year=1967|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4324413|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/TNS.1967.4324413|accessdate=5 October 2020|last1=Fabre|first1=R.|last2=Gallice|first2=P.|last3=Raoult|first3=N.|last4=Robin|first4=G.|journal=IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science|volume=14|issue=1|pages=170–188|bibcode=1967ITNS...14..170F|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This standard was in use mainly in France in nuclear research.
The Renatran system consisted of a 5U rackable crate that could accept up to 8 single-width or up to 4 double width plug-in units, with the backplane supplying several power rails, as well as serial and parallel communications between modules, and between the rack and external equipment such as printers and computers.
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