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* 20 August
**Scientists report that [[Earliest known life forms|life]], based on [[genetics|genetic]] and [[fossil]] evidences, may have begun on [[Earth]] nearly 4.5 billion years ago, much earlier than thought before.<ref name="PHY-20180820">{{cite web |author=University of Bristol |title=A timescale for the origin and evolution of all of life on Earth |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-08-timescale-evolution-life-earth.html |date=20 August 2018 |website=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=20 August 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180820">{{cite journal |last1=Betts |first1=Holly C. |last2=Putick |first2=Mark N. |last3=Clark |first3=James W. |last4=Williams |first4=Tom A. |last5=Donoghue |first5=Philip C.J. |last6=Pisani |first6=Davide |title=Integrated genomic and fossil evidence illuminates life's early evolution and eukaryote origin |date=20 August 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=1556–1562 |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0644-x |pmid=30127539 |pmc=6152910 }}</ref>
**Researchers report that the [[skyglow]] of [[Steve (atmospheric phenomenon)|STEVE]] ("Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement"), an [[Atmospheric optics|atmospheric optical phenomenon]] appearing as a purple and green light ribbon in the sky, and not an [[aurora]], is not associated with [[Precipitation|particle precipitation]] ([[electron]]s or [[ion]]s) and, as a result, could be generated in the [[ionosphere]].<ref name="GRL-20180820">{{cite journal |last1=Gallardo-Lacourt |first1=B. |last2=Liang |first2=J. |last3=Nishimura |first3=Y. |last4=Donovan |first4=E. |title=On the Origin of STEVE: Particle Precipitation or Ionospheric Skyglow? |date=20 August 2018 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=45 |issue=16 |pages=7968 |doi=10.1029/2018GL078509 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.7968G |s2cid=134540082 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 21 August – Scientists announce the first direct evidence for exposed [[Lunar water|water-ice on the Moon's surface]], which is found in permanently shaded regions.<ref>{{citation |title=Scientists discover first direct evidence of surface exposed water ice on the moon |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoha-sdf082118.php |date=21 August 2018 |work=EurekAlert!|access-date=22 August 2018 }}</ref>
*22 August
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*17 December
**Astronomers led by [[Scott S. Sheppard|Scott Sheppard]] announce the discovery of [[2018 VG18]], nicknamed "Farout", the most distant body ever observed in the [[Solar System]] at approximately 120 [[Astronomical unit|AU]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Outer solar system experts find 'far out there' dwarf planet |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-most-distant-solar.html |date=17 December 2018 |work=Phys.org |access-date=20 December 2018 }}</ref>
**Scientists announce that the earliest [[Feather#In pterosaurs|feathers]] may have originated 250 million years ago, 70 million years earlier than previously thought.<ref name="NYT-20181217">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=Feathers and Fur Fly Over Pterosaur Fossil Finding - An analysis of two fossils would push back the origins of feathers by about 70 million years, but more specimens may be needed for confirmation. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/17/science/pterosaur-feathers-fur.html |date=17 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=19 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20181218">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Pterosaurs Had Four Types of Feathers, New Study Shows |url=http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/pterosaur-feathers-06733.html |date=18 December 2018 |work=Sci-News.com |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190101">{{Cite journal|last1=Benton|first1=Michael J.|last2=Xu|first2=Xing|last3=Orr|first3=Patrick J.|last4=Kaye|first4=Thomas G.|last5=Pittman|first5=Michael|last6=Kearns|first6=Stuart L.|last7=McNamara|first7=Maria E.|last8=Jiang|first8=Baoyu|last9=Yang|first9=Zixiao|date=1 January 2019|title=Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching|journal=[[Nature Ecology & Evolution]]|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=24–30|doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7|pmid=30568282|issn=2397-334X|hdl=1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9|s2cid=56480710|url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/pterosaur-integumentary-structures-with-complex-featherlike-branching(1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9).html|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
*18 December
**Scientists report that the earliest [[Flowering plant#Evolutionary history|flower]]s began about 180 million years ago, 50 million years earlier than previously thought.<ref name="EA-20181218">{{cite news |author=Chinese Academy of Sciences |title=Flowers originated 50 million years earlier than previously thought |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/caos-fo5121818.php |date=18 December 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=18 December 2018 |author-link=Chinese Academy of Sciences }}</ref>
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