Ternate language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:57, 3 December 2023

Revision as of 12:32, 20 January 2024

Line 25:

'''Ternate''' is a language of northern [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], eastern [[Indonesia]]. It is spoken by the {{link-interwiki|Ternate people|id|Suku Ternate|lt=Ternate people}}, who inhabit the island of [[Ternate]], as well as many other areas of the archipelago. It is the dominant indigenous language of [[North Maluku]], historically important as a regional [[lingua franca]]. A [[North Halmahera languages|North Halmahera language]], it is unlike most languages of Indonesia which belong to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] family.<ref name=":0" />

Due to the historical role of the [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate Sultanate]], Ternate influence is present in many languages of eastern Indonesia. Borrowings from Ternate extend beyond the Maluku Islands, reaching the regions of central and northern [[Sulawesi]].<ref>{{Cite book | first = F.S. | last = Watuseke | chapter = The Ternate Language | translator-first = Clemens L. | translator-last = Voorhoeve | editor-first = Tom | editor-last = Dutton | title = Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 1 | series = Pacific Linguistics A-73 | year = 1991 | pages = 223–244 | url = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145736/1/PL-A73.pdf | ___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | isbn = 0-85883-393-X | doi = 10.15144/PL-A73.223 | oclc = 24406501 | language = en }}</ref> Languages such as [[Taba language|Taba]] and [[West Makian language|West Makian]] have borrowed much of their polite lexicons from Ternate,<ref>{{cite book| first = C.L. | last = Voorhoeve |author-link = Clemens L. Voorhoeve | chapter = The West Makian language, North Moluccas, Indonesia: a fieldwork report | editor-first = C.L. | editor-last = Voorhoeve | title = The Makian languages and their neighbours | url = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144389/1/PL-D46.pdf | year = 1982 | isbn = 0858832771 |___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | doi = 10.15144/PL-D46.1 | oclc = 12421689 | page= 47 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | editor-first = K. Alexander | editor-last = Adelaar | editor-first2 = Nikolaus P. |editor-last2 = Himmelmann | title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar | first = John | last = Bowden | chapter = Taba | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-203-82112-1 | ___location= Abingdon/New York | publisher = Routledge | oclc = 53814161 | doi = 10.4324/9780203821121 | page = 770 }}</ref> while the languages of northern Sulawesi have incorporated many Ternate vocabulary items related to kingship and administration.<ref>{{Cite book | chapter = The North Sulawesi microgroups: In search of higher level connections | first = J.N.|last = Sneddon | editor-first = J.N.|editor-last=Sneddon | title = Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics I | date = | year = 1989 | publisher = Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA | page = 92 |___location = Jakarta | chapter-url = http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v31-p83-107.pdf}}</ref> The language has been a source of lexical and grammatical borrowing for [[North Moluccan Malay]], the local variant of Malay, which has given rise to other eastern Indonesian offshoots of Malay, such as [[Manado Malay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Paul Michael |title=F.S.A. de Clercq's ''Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate'' |date=1999 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Libraries |edition=Smithsonian Institution Libraries digital |page=7 |language=en |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/anthropology/ternate/introduction.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Allen |first1=Robert B. |chapter=Orientation in the Spice Islands |date=2002 |chapter-url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/allen2002orientation.pdf |editor-first=Marlys |editor-last=Macken |title=Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 2000.|___location=Tempe|year = 2002 |page= 21 |isbn = 1-881044-29-7 |oclc = 50506465 |publisher=Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies |last2=Hayami-Allen |first2=Rika |mode=cs1}}</ref>

== Location and use ==

Line 39:

==Classification==

Ternate is a member of the [[North Halmahera languages|North Halmahera language family]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | last = Lewis | first = M. Paul | title = Ternate - A language of Indonesia (Maluku) | work = Ethnologue: Languages of the World| publisher = SIL International | year = 2009 | url = https://www.ethnologue.com/16/show_language/tft|edition=16th}}</ref> which is classified by some as part of a larger [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan family]], a proposed linking of the North Halmahera languages with the Papuan languages of the [[Bird's Head Peninsula]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |first = David |last = Gil |chapter = The Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area |___location = Berlin–Boston | doi = 10.1515/9781501501685-008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_BeCAAAQBAJ |title=Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9781501501685 |editor-last=Enfield |editor-first=Nick |page=269 |editor-last2=Comrie |editor-first2=Bernard}}</ref> It is most closely related to the [[Tidore language]], which is native to the southern neighboring island. The distinction between Ternate and Tidore appears more rooted in sociopolitical rather than linguistic differences.<ref name=:1>{{citation|url-status=dead|url=https://wlp.shh.mpg.de/3/abstracts/Bowden.pdf|title=Emic and Etic Classifications of Languages in the North Maluku Region|first=John|last=Bowden|via=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|access-date=2022-08-01|archive-date=2019-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020091817/https://wlp.shh.mpg.de/3/abstracts/Bowden.pdf}}</ref><ref name=jb/> While many authors have described these varieties as separate languages,<ref name="jb">{{Cite journal |last=Bowden |first=John |date=2005 |title=Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay |url=http://www.concentric-linguistics.url.tw/upload/articlesfs141402110859119523.pdf |journal=Concentric: Studies in Linguistics |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=139}}</ref> some classifications identify them as dialects of a single language, collectively termed as either "Ternate" or "Ternate-Tidore".<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://118.98.223.79/petabahasa/infobahasa2.php?idb=482&idp=Maluku%20Utara | title = Ternate - Peta Bahasa | language = id}}</ref><ref name="rha">{{Cite book |title=A Descriptive Study of the Language of Ternate, the Northern Moluccas, Indonesia |last=Hayami-Allen |first=Rika |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |year=2001 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2VCDwAAQBAJ |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |editor-last=Palmer |editor-first=Bill |date=2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9783110295252 |firstfirst1=Gary |lastlast1 = Holton |first2 = Marian |last2 = Klamer |chapter = The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird‘s Head |___location = Berlin/Boston |doi = 10.1515/9783110295252-005 |page=577}}</ref>

==Phonology==