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Corrected error: Java was transferred from Britain to the Netherlands in 1816, not 1814 as originally stated. Also briefly noted that John Fendall was British governor when this transfer occurred. Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Additional for citation for cessation of British rule. Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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[[File:The British Occupation of Java SE6050.jpg|thumb|left|British Occupation of Java; men of the Bengal Sappers and Miners burn houses in the village of Bekasi as a reprisal for the murder of five members of the Royal Air Force and twenty Maharatta riflemen whose Dakota transport aircraft crash-landed near the village.]]
During the [[Napoleonic wars]] in Europe, the [[Netherlands]] fell to [[France]], as did its colony in the [[East Indies]]. During the short-lived [[Herman Willem Daendels|Daendels]] administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the [[Great Post Road]] was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from [[Anyer]] in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ekspedisi Anjer-Panaroekan, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas |publisher=Pnerbit Buku Kompas, PT Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta Indonesia |date=November 2008 |pages=1–2 |isbn=978-979-709-391-4}}</ref> In 1811, Java was [[Invasion of Java (1811)|captured by the British]], becoming a possession of the [[British Empire]], and Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] was appointed as the island's governor. In 1816, under the governorship of [[John Fendall Jr.|John Fendall]], Java was returned to the Dutch as per the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=James |title=The Coins And Tokens of the Possessions And Colonies of the British Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame |year=1889<!-- |___location=Quaritch, Bernard--> |___location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame/page/213 213] |publisher=Bernard Quaritch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannigan |first=Tim |title=Raffles and the British invasion of Java |publisher=Singapore: Monsoon Books Pte Ltd. |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4358-85-9 |edition=4th |pages=229}}</ref>
In 1815, there may have been five million people in Java.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301673/Java |title=Java (island, Indonesia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=31 January 2019}}</ref> In the second half of the 18th century, population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the 19th century population grew rapidly across the island. Factors for the great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as [[cassava]] and [[maize]] that could sustain populations that could not afford rice.<ref>Taylor (2003), p. 253.</ref> Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased expansion of employment under the [[Cultivation System]] to which couples responded by having more children in the hope of increasing their families ability to pay tax and buy goods.<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 253–254.</ref> [[Cholera]] claimed 100,000 lives in Java in 1820.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joseph Patrick |last=Byrne |title=Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA99 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |page=99 |isbn=978-0-313-34102-1 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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