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Key historical milestones in the development of tidal-stream turbines are summarised below:
* The 300 kW [[Marine Current Turbines]] (MCT) SeaFlow turbine was installed in summer 2003 and tested off the coast of [[Lynmouth]], Devon, England.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-04 |title=Technology Review: Tidal Power Comes to Market |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804110058/https://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/21142/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
* In
* The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]] in Great Britain (GB). The 250 kW device was tested in the Fall of Warness, [[Eday]], Orkney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OpenHydro turbine connected to UK grid |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/openhydro-turbine-connected-to-uk-grid-1.1215519 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>
* In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland, creating the worlds first tidal array.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=World first for Shetlands in tidal power breakthrough |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/world-first-for-shetlands-in-tidal-power-breakthrough |accessdate=8 September 2016 |work=the Guardian}}</ref>
*
* Phase 1 of the [[MeyGen]] project was commissioned in 2017, with four turbines totaling 6 MW installed.<ref name=":10" />
*
== Key companies and turbines ==
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'''Hammerfest Strøm AS''' was a Norwegian developer of tidal stream turbines, based in [[Hammerfest]]. In 2010, Austrian hydropower company [[Andritz AG]] bought one third of the shares.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-08-12 |title=Andritz acquires stake in tidal hydro firm Hammerfest Strom |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/europe/andritz-acquires-stake/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2012, Andritz became the majority stakeholder and rebranded the company '''Andritz Hydro Hammerfest'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visser |first=Anne |date=2012-04-23 |title=Norway: Hammerfest Strøm Changes Its Name to ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest |url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2012/04/23/norway-hammerfest-strom-changes-its-name-to-andritz-hydro-hammerfest/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Offshore Wind |language=en-US}}</ref>
In November 2003, Hammerfest Strøm installed their '''HS300''' turbine in [[Kvalsundet]], Norway.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kvalsundet tidevannskraftverk |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |___location=Oslo |url=http://snl.no/Kvalsundet_tidevannskraftverk |last=Askheim |first=Svein |editor-last=Godal |editor-first=Anne Marit |editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |language=Norwegian |accessdate=2023-12-20}}</ref> This 300 kW prototype was a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine. It sat on a monopile foundation in 50 m deep water. In
A more powerful 1MW device was then tested at EMEC from 2012. The '''HS1000''' was also a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine, installed at the Fall of Warness test site in December 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2011-12-26 |title=Giant tidal device set for tests off Orkney |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-16327617 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR2012_low%20res_FINAL.pdf |title=Renewables 2012 Global Status Report |last=REN21 |date=June 2012 |page=46 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
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=== Magallanes Renovables ===
'''Magallanes Renovables, S.L'''. is a Spanish developer of floating tidal energy devices, set up in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables: Unlocking energy from tidal power |url=https://www.magallanesrenovables.com/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Magallanes Renovables |language=en-US}}</ref> The company's head office is in [[Redondela]], with a UK subsidiary Magallanes Tidal Energy Ltd. based in [[Kirkwall]].
Their second-generation 1.5 MW{{NoteTag|Some sources quote the rated power as 2 MW}} '''ATIR''' device has two three-bladed counter-rotating 19 m diameter rotors at either end of a common driveshaft, mounted below the 45 m long hull.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Díaz‐Dorado |first=Eloy |last2=Carrillo |first2=Camilo |last3=Cidras |first3=Jose |last4=Román |first4=David |last5=Grande |first5=Javier |date=2021-01-21 |title=Performance evaluation and modelling of the Atir marine current turbine |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/rpg2.12071 |journal=IET Renewable Power Generation |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=821–838 |doi=10.1049/rpg2.12071 |issn=1752-1416}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/magallanes-renovables-atir-emec |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref> It was constructed in Spain in the [[Ria de Vigo]] and launched in 2017 followed by a period of tow testing. The device was then towed to Orkney where it was deployed at the Fall of Warness and grid-connected in 2019. In 2020, it was towed to Edinburgh for maintenance, before returning to site in April 2021.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Magallanes tidal unit reinstalled at EMEC |url=https://renews.biz/68108/magallanes-tidal-unit-reinstalled-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Marthinsen |first=Stig |title=Magallanes reinstall ATIR tidal turbine at EMEC, Interreg VB North Sea Region Programme |url=https://northsearegion.eu/periscope/news/magallanes-reinstall-atir-tidal-turbine-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=northsearegion.eu |language=}}</ref> The company previously tested a smaller scale version of the ATIR device at the [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] nursery test site in Shapinsay Sound, although this was not grid-connected.<ref name=":8" />
In 2022, Magallanes Tidal Energy was awarded a [[contract for difference]] (CfD) to supply subsidised electricity to the GB [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]], from a 1.5 MW device at [[Morlais]] expected to be operational by 2025/26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 4: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-4-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> The following year, they were awarded a further 3 MW at Morlais, and 1.5 MW at EMEC.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 5: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-5-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
=== Marine Current Turbines ===
{{See also|Marine Current Turbines|SeaGen}}
Marine Current Turbines (MCT) was a [[Bristol]]-based company that developed seabed mounted tidal-stream turbines. In June 2003, MCT installed the 300 kW Seaflow turbine in [[Lynmouth]], Devon.<ref name=":11">{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20714897 |title=Development installation and testing of a large-scale tidal current turbine |last=Thake |first=Jeremy |date=October 2005 |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref> The larger 1.2 MW SeaGen turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]] in May 2008, and connected tot the Irish electricity grid in July. It was decommissioned in stages between May 2016 and July 2019, having exported 11.6 GWh of electricity.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-03 |title=Atlantis Successfully Decommissions 1.2 MW SeaGen Tidal System in Industry First {{!}} SIMEC Atlantis Energy |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903161227/https://simecatlantis.com/2019/07/26/meygen-operational-update-3-2/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
=== Nova Innovation ===
{{See also|Draft:Nova Innovation}}
'''Nova Innovation Ltd''' is an [[Edinburgh]]-based developer of small bed-mounted tidal-stream turbines. They deployed their first 30 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Peter |date=2014-05-23 |title=World first with Yell tidal generator |url=https://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2014/05/23/world-first-with-yell-tidal-generator |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Shetland Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> and have operated an array of up-to 6 of their 100 kW turbines in the
=== Orbital Marine Power ===
{{See also|Orbital O2}}
'''Orbital Marine Power Ltd''' is an [[Orkney]]-based developer of floating tidal stream turbines that have twin rotors either side of a long tubular hull. Their third-generation turbine, the 2 MW [[Orbital O2]] has been deployed at the Fall of Warness since 2021.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Orbital Marine Power : EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/our-tidal-clients/orbital-marine-power/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |language=en}}</ref> The company was founded in 2002 as Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd, but rebranded in 2019.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2019-04-30 |title=Orbital Marine Power going with the ebb and flow |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/17608237.orbital-marine-power-going-ebb-flow/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref>
=== SIMEC Atlantis Energy ===
{{See also|SIMEC Atlantis Energy|MeyGen}}
'''SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd''' (SAE) is a renewable energy company which is developing the [[MeyGen]] tidal array in the [[Pentland Firth]] between the Scottish mainland and Orkney. Since 2017, this has operated with 4× 1.5 MW tidal turbines, making it the largest tidal-stream array worldwide. The next phases could see a further 50 MW installed by 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MeyGen |url=http://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=SAE Renewables |language=en-GB}}</ref> The company was founded as '''Atlantis Resources''', and developed the 1.5 MW AR1500 turbine, a three-bladed horizontal-axis seabed mounded device.
== List of grid-connected tidal stream generators ==
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|Orbital, SR250
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|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellichipuram |first=Umesh |date=2016-12-07 |title=Atlantis’ first MeyGen tidal turbine starts operating at full power |url=https://www.power-technology.com/news/newsatlantis-first-meygen-tidal-turbine-starts-operating-at-full-power-5690870/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
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|SIMEC Atlantis, AR1500
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|Meygen
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|<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=First Tidal Energy Turbine with Lockheed Martin Technology Deployed Off Scotland Coast |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2017-02-23-First-Tidal-Energy-Turbine-with-Lockheed-Martin-Technology-Deployed-Off-Scotland-Coast |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Media - Lockheed Martin}}</ref>
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|<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Shetland Tidal Array becomes world leader |url=https://renews.biz/83490/nova-innovation-adds-two-more-turbines-to-tidal-array/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=ReNEWS}}</ref>
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<references />
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