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Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and unlike [[wind turbines]] there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed. Some
Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America
There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, [[Morlais]] and elsewhere.
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* In 2004, the world’s first tidal-stream turbine was connected to an electricity grid, the 300 kW Hammerfest Strøm HS300, located in the waters of [[Kvalsundet]], Finnmark, Norway.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://www.andritz.com/resource/blob/31444/cf15d27bc23fd59db125229506ec87c7/hy-hammerfest-data.pdf |title=Renewable energy from tidal currents |last=ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest |date= |page=7 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
* The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
*
* In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland, creating the worlds first tidal array.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=World first for Shetlands in tidal power breakthrough |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/world-first-for-shetlands-in-tidal-power-breakthrough |accessdate=8 September 2016 |work=the Guardian}}</ref>
* A dedicated site for testing tidal stream turbines was pre-consented at the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] in 2016, to simplify the process for developers testing devices.
* Phase 1 of the [[MeyGen]] project was commissioned in 2017, with four turbines totaling 6 MW installed, making it the largest tidal array.<ref name=":10" />
== Key companies and turbines ==
Many companies have focused on the development of technology to harness tidal stream energy. A non-exhaustive list of key companies is given below. <!-- Add details of companies below. Can move to a dedicated page if sufficiently detailed, and summarise with {see also|} here. -->
=== Andritz Hydro Hammerfest ===
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=== Nova Innovation ===
{{See also|
'''Nova Innovation Ltd''' is an [[Edinburgh]]-based developer of small bed-mounted tidal-stream turbines. They deployed their first 30 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Peter |date=2014-05-23 |title=World first with Yell tidal generator |url=https://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2014/05/23/world-first-with-yell-tidal-generator |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Shetland Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> and have operated an array of up-to 6 of their 100 kW turbines in the Bluemull Sound since 2016.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Shetland Tidal Array becomes world leader |url=https://renews.biz/83490/nova-innovation-adds-two-more-turbines-to-tidal-array/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=ReNEWS}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=Nova looking to decommission older tidal turbines |url=https://www.shetnews.co.uk/2023/02/28/nova-looking-to-decommission-older-tidal-turbines/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Shetland News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== OpenHydro ===
{{See also|Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm}}
'''OpenHydro''' was an Irish developer of tidal stream turbines, established in 2004. It was acquired by [[Naval Group|Naval Energies]] (then DCNS) in 2013, however, Naval Energies decided in July 2018 to stop developing tidal turbines and focus on [[Floating wind turbine|floating wind turbines]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maslin |first=Elaine |date=2013-01-22 |title=OpenHydro to be taken over by DCNS |url=https://www.energyvoice.com/renewables-energy-transition/31565/openhydro-to-be-taken-over-by-dcns/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Energy Voice |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naval Energies stops its investment in tidal-turbine energy and concentrates on floating wind turbines and ocean thermal energy conversion |url=https://www.naval-group.com/en/naval-energies-stops-its-investment-tidal-turbine-energy-and-concentrates-floating-wind-turbines |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Naval Group |language=en}}</ref>
Open Hydro developed a novel open-centred horizontal-axis turbine, surrounded by a ducting shroud to increase flow through the turbine. Various iterations of the device were tested in Scotland, France and Canada.
The first 250 kW Open Hydro turbine was tested at [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] Fall of Warness site from 2006, and was connected to the electricity grid in May 2008.<ref name=":19" /> The seventh generation 6 m diameter Open Hydro turbine was installed at the same EMEC site in April 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Hydro : EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/our-tidal-clients/open-hydro/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref>
[[Électricité de France]] (EdF) started to develop a tidal farm at [[Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm|Paimpol–Bréhat]], Brittany, France that would use OpenHydro turbines. The first 250 kW turbine was tested here between December 2013 and April 2014.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Paimpol-Brehat Tidal Farm |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/paimpol-brehat-tidal-farm/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2016 |title=EDF installs OpenHydro turbine |url=https://renews.biz/44435/edf-installs-openhydro-turbine/ |access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref> The first two 16 m diameter 2 MW turbines (or a planned four) were installed in January and May 2016, however these turbines were never connected to the grid. They were removed for repair in 2017 but not re-installed.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=Paimpol-Brehat Tidal Demonstration Project {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/paimpol-brehat-tidal-demonstration-project |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref> The turbines were lowered to the seabed, and subsequently removed, by a specially designed [[catamaran]] barge, the OpenHydro Triskell.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /> The project was cancelled in 2018.
'''Cape Sharp Tidal''' was a joint venture of OpenHydro and [[Nova Scotia Power]], that tested OpenHydro turbines at FORCE. A 10 m diameter, 1 MW turbine was deployed in November 2009, however it suffered serious damage to the blades just 20 days later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=Anjuli |date=Sep 29, 2015 |title=Cape Sharp Tidal aims to install Bay of Fundy turbine by end of 2015 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/cape-sharp-tidal-bay-of-fundy-2015-1.3247962 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=CBC News}}</ref> A 2 MW grid-connected turbine was then tested from November 2016 to June 2017.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2018 |title=Cape Sharp dishes second helping |url=https://renews.biz/46923/cape-sharp-dishes-second-helping/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref> In July 2018, a second 2 MW grid-connected turbine was installed.<ref name=":25" /> This turbine was left on the seabed when OpenHydro filed for bankruptcy, suggesting it was damaged beyond repair. The device is expected to be removed before the end of 2024 by the next company to test at FORCE Berth D, BigMoon Canada Corp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova Scotia selects company to remove Cape Sharp turbine, fill empty berth {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7311515/nova-scotia-cape-sharp-turbine/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Orbital Marine Power ===
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The floating '''PLAT-I''' '''4.63''' was developed for community-scale deployments in inshore waters. It had four 6.3 m diameter turbines mounted on a floating boat-like structure. It was first tested at the [[Falls of Lora]], western Scotland in November 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Marine Energy’s Inshore Platform PLAT-I Powers Up |url=https://www.schottel.de/medien-events/presseinfos/press-detail/sustainable-marine-energys-inshore-platform-plat-i-powers-up |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.schottel.de |language=en}}</ref> before being shipped to Canada and tested at Grand Passage, [[Nova Scotia]] in 2018.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=Sustainable Marine Floats Out 'Next-Gen' Tidal Energy Platform in Canada |url=https://www.oedigital.com/news/485009-sustainable-marine-floats-out-next-gen-tidal-energy-platform-in-canada |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Engineer Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
An upgraded '''PLAT-I''' '''6.4''', with six 4 m diameter rotors, totaling 420 kW, was built by A.F. Theriault & Son Ltd. in Meteghan, Nova Scotia in 2021.<ref name=":16" /> The turbine was tested
SME developed the '''Pempa’q project''' at FORCE which was to comprise an array of the PLAT-I turbines, with up to 9 MW installed.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-09-30 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy reveals plans for 9-MW Pempa’q Tidal Energy Project |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/oceantidalstream-power/sustainable-marine-energy-reveals-plans-for-9-mw-pempaq-tidal-energy-project/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The project received C$28.5million in funding from the Government of Canada,<ref name=":16" /> however it was cancelled in 2023, citing federal red tape.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Logan |first=Cloe |date=2023-05-05 |title=Tidal power company tanks Bay of Fundy project over federal red tape |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/05/05/news/tidal-power-company-tanks-bay-fundy-project-over-federal-red-tape |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Canada's National Observer |language=en}}</ref> SME placed the turbines into storage and removed all of the equipment from the seabed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2023 |title=FORCE 2023 Project Update |url=https://fundyforce.ca/document-collection/force-2023-project-update |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy}}</ref> However, one of the turbines broke it's moorings and washed ashore in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Josh |date=Nov 17, 2023 |title=Tidal power turbine owned by bankrupt company washes ashore on Brier Island |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/tidal-power-turbine-washes-ashore-brier-island-1.7031737 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CBC News}}</ref>
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== List of grid-connected tidal stream generators ==
Over the years, many different tidal stream turbines have been deployed and tested at sea, and have delivered power to the local electricity grid. A non-exhaustive list is given in the table below, along with other notable devices. As most of these were development and test versions, they were removed for periods of time for maintenance or upgrades. {{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Manufacturer & Turbine
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|2011-01
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|OpenHydro
|0.25
|{{flag|UK}}
{{Flagu|Scotland}}
|EMEC, Fall of Warness
|{{coord|59|9|27|N|2|49|32.74|W|}}
|2006
|yes
|<ref name=":19" />
|-
|MCT, [[SeaGen]]
Line 144 ⟶ 166:
|1
|{{Flag|France}}
|[[Fromveur Passage]], Brittany
|{{coord|48|26|54|N|5|1|48|W|}}
|2015-04
|Operational
|
|-
|Nova Innovation, Nova 30
|0.03
{{Flagu|Scotland}}
|[[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland
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|2016
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|OpenHydro ×2
[never grid connected]
|2
|{{Flag|France}}
|[[Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm|Paimpol–Bréhat]], Brittany
|{{Coord|48|50|N|3|01|W}}
|2016
|2017
|<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":24" />
|-
|Nova Innovation, M100
|0.1
| rowspan="3" |{{flag|UK}}
{{Flagu|Scotland}}
|Bluemull Sound, Shetland
|{{Coord|60|41|59.6|N|0|58|58.1|W}}
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|2018-08
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|OpenHydro
|2
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|Grand Passage, [[Bay of Fundy]]
|
|2016-11
|2017-06
|<ref name=":25" />
|-
|Andritz Hydro Hammerfest, HS1000 Mk1 ×3
|1.5
| rowspan="3" |{{flag|UK}}
{{Flagu|Scotland}}
|Meygen
|{{Coord|58|39|30|N|3|7|30|W}}
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|2023-06
|
|-
|OpenHydro
|2
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|Grand Passage, [[Bay of Fundy]]
|
|2018-07
|2018-09
|<ref name=":25" />
|-
|Magallanes Renovables, ATIR
|1.5
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|UK}}
{{Flagu|Scotland}}
|EMEC
|{{coord|59|8|29.08|N|2|49|6.5|W|}}
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|<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Shetland Tidal Array becomes world leader |url=https://renews.biz/83490/nova-innovation-adds-two-more-turbines-to-tidal-array/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=ReNEWS}}</ref>
|}
== References ==
<references />
== Notes ==
| |||