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Many [[Tidal stream generator|tidal stream generators]] have been developed over the years to harness the power of tidal currents flowing around coastlines. These are also called tidal stream turbines (TST), tidal energy converters (TEC), or marine hydro-kinetic (MHK) generation. These turbines operate on a similar principle to [[Wind turbine|wind turbines]], but are designed to work in a fluid approximately 800 times more dense than air which is moving at a slower velocity. Note that [[Tidal barrage|tidal barrages]] or lagoons operate on a different principle, generating power by impounding the rising and falling tide.
Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed.
Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America — including at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), Japan, and elsewhere. The [[European Marine Energy Centre]] (EMEC) was set up in [[Orkney]]
There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, [[Morlais]] and elsewhere.
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* The 300 kW [[Marine Current Turbines]] (MCT) SeaFlow turbine was installed in summer 2003 and tested off the coast of [[Lynmouth]], Devon, England.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-04 |title=Technology Review: Tidal Power Comes to Market |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804110058/https://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/21142/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
* In 2004, the world’s first tidal-stream turbine was connected to an electricity grid, the 300 kW Hammerfest Strøm HS300, located in the waters of [[Kvalsundet]], Finnmark, Norway.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://www.andritz.com/resource/blob/31444/cf15d27bc23fd59db125229506ec87c7/hy-hammerfest-data.pdf |title=Renewable energy from tidal currents |last=ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest |date= |page=7 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
* The first tidal stream turbine test site was constructed in 2005 and opened in 2006, in the Fall of Wanress to the west of Eday, Orkney, part of the European Marine Energy Centre.<ref name=":21" />
* The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Also in May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]] in Great Britain (GB). The 250 kW device was tested in the Fall of Warness, [[Eday]], Orkney.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=OpenHydro turbine connected to UK grid |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/openhydro-turbine-connected-to-uk-grid-1.1215519 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Verdant Power installed six 35 kW turbines in New York's [[East River]], supplying power to two local businesses, claimed as the worlds first tidal array.<ref name="nytimes201209122">{{Cite news |last=McGeehan |first=Patrick |date=2012-09-11 |title=In Quest for River's Power, an Underwater Test Spin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/nyregion/in-quest-for-east-rivers-power-a-search-for-stouter-arms.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912120623/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/nyregion/in-quest-for-east-rivers-power-a-search-for-stouter-arms.html |archive-date=2012-09-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland, connected to the GB Grid, also claimed as the worlds first tidal array.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=World first for Shetlands in tidal power breakthrough |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/world-first-for-shetlands-in-tidal-power-breakthrough |accessdate=8 September 2016 |work=the Guardian}}</ref>
* A dedicated site for testing tidal stream turbines was pre-consented at the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] in 2016, to simplify the process for developers testing devices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EMEC |title=Consents |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/services/provision-of-wave-and-tidal-testing/consents/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=European Marine Energy Centre |language=en}}</ref>
* Phase 1 of the [[MeyGen]] project was commissioned in 2017, with four turbines totaling 6 MW installed, making it the largest tidal array to date.<ref name=":10" />
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=== HydroQuest ===
'''HydroQuest''' is a French developer of vertical-axis river current and tidal stream turbines, based in [[Grenoble]].<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.hydroquest.fr/en/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=HydroQuest |language=en-GB}}</ref>
In 2013, HydroQuest installed a turbine in the [[Oyapock]] river in [[French Guiana]], powering the 200 inhabitants of the [[Camopi]] village.<ref name=":30" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallard |first=Kathleen |last2=Garbuio |first2=Lauric |last3=Debusschere |first3=Vincent |date=2020-01-01 |title=Towards sustainable business model and sustainable design of a hydro generator system dedicated to isolated communities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212827120300986 |journal=Procedia CIRP |series=27th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference (LCE2020) |volume=90 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.004 |issn=2212-8271}}</ref> The also company tested a 40 kW '''HydroQuest 1.40''' in the [[Loire]] river in [[Orléans]] in late 2014, connecting it to the French electricity grid in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaneva |first=Mariyana |date=2015-10-12 |title=HydroQuest connects river current turbine to French grid |url=https://renewablesnow.com/news/hydroquest-connects-river-current-turbine-to-french-grid-496908/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Renewables Now}}</ref>
A 1 MW '''OceanQuest''' turbine was tested at [[Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm|Paimpol–Bréhat]] between April 2019 and December 2021. It was constructed by [[Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie]] (CMN) in Cherbourg, and comprised four vertical axis turbines
In collaboration with CMN and renewable energy company Qair, Hydroquest are developing the '''FloWatt project'''. This will comprise seven Hydroquest turbine units, each rated at 2.5 MW, to be installed at [[Raz Blanchard]], Brittany by 2026. The turbines will be again be constructed by CMN in Cherbourg. Each unit is 21 m tall, 26 m wide with a pair of three-bladed turbines mounted on a vertical shaft either side of a central structure.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Gréau |first=Guillaume |date=October 2023 |title=FloWatt 17.5 MW tidal energy pilot project in France |conference=Ocean Energy Europe Annual Conference, The Hague, Netherlands}}</ref> The French Government is supporting the project with €65m funding and dedicated revenue support for the electricity generated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akella |first=Surya |date=2023-07-10 |title=France approves €65m for FloWatt tidal energy project |url=https://www.power-technology.com/news/france-funding-tidal-project/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2023, Hydroquest launched a crowdfunding campaign, seeking to raise a further €1.5m for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-09-29 |title=HydroQuest launches crowdfunding campaign to support tidal energy activities |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/hydroquest-launches-crowdfunding-campaign-to-support-tidal-energy-activities/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
▲A 1 MW turbine was tested at [[Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm|Paimpol–Bréhat]] between April 2019 and December 2021. It comprised four vertical axis turbines on two shafts, each with three blades. The device weighed 1500 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=Leask Marine complete major offshore decommissioning project in France |url=https://www.leaskmarine.com/leask-marine-complete-major-offshore-decommissioning-project-in-france/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Leask Marine Ltd |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tait |first=Carly |date=2021-10-05 |title=HydroQuest tidal turbine : End of tests on the EDF site in Paimpol Bréhat and new stages of development at the Raz Blanchard |url=https://interregtiger.com/hydroquest-tidal-turbine-end-of-tests-on-the-edf-site-in-paimpol-brehat-and-new-stages-of-development-at-the-raz-blanchard/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=TIGER: Tidal Stream Industry Energiser |language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== LHD New Energy Corporation ===
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