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Key historical milestones in the development of tidal-stream turbines are summarised below:
 
* The 300&nbsp;kW [[Marine Current Turbines]] (MCT) SeaFlow turbine was installed in summer 2003 and tested off the coast of [[Lynmouth]], Devon, England.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-04 |title=Technology Review: Tidal Power Comes to Market |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/21142/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=4 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804110058/https://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/21142/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* In 2004, the world's first tidal-stream turbine was connected to an electricity grid, the 300&nbsp;kW Hammerfest Strøm HS300, located in the waters of [[Kvalsundet]], Finnmark, Norway.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://www.andritz.com/resource/blob/31444/cf15d27bc23fd59db125229506ec87c7/hy-hammerfest-data.pdf |title=Renewable energy from tidal currents |last=ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest |date= |page=7 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
* The first tidal stream turbine test site was constructed in 2005 and opened in 2006, in the Fall of Wanress to the west of Eday, Orkney, part of the European Marine Energy Centre.<ref name=":21" />
* The significantly more powerful, 1.2&nbsp;MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Also in May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]] in Great Britain (GB). The 250&nbsp;kW device was tested in the Fall of Warness, [[Eday]], Orkney.<ref name=":19">{{Cite webnews |title=OpenHydro turbine connected to UK grid |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/openhydro-turbine-connected-to-uk-grid-1.1215519 |access-date=2023-12-21 |websitenewspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Verdant Power installed six 35&nbsp;kW turbines in New York's [[East River]], supplying power to two local businesses, claimed as the world's first tidal array.<ref name="nytimes20120912" />
* In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100&nbsp;kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland, connected to the GB Grid, also claimed as the world's first tidal array.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=World first for Shetlands in tidal power breakthrough |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/world-first-for-shetlands-in-tidal-power-breakthrough |access-date=8 September 2016 |work=the Guardian}}</ref>
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'''Hammerfest Strøm AS''' was a Norwegian developer of tidal stream turbines, based in [[Hammerfest]]. In 2010, Austrian hydropower company [[Andritz AG]] bought one third of the shares.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-08-12 |title=Andritz acquires stake in tidal hydro firm Hammerfest Strom |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/europe/andritz-acquires-stake/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2012, Andritz became the majority stakeholder and rebranded the company '''Andritz Hydro Hammerfest'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visser |first=Anne |date=2012-04-23 |title=Norway: Hammerfest Strøm Changes Its Name to ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest |url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2012/04/23/norway-hammerfest-strom-changes-its-name-to-andritz-hydro-hammerfest/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Offshore Wind |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
In November 2003, Hammerfest Strøm installed their '''HS300''' turbine in [[Kvalsundet]], Norway.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kvalsundet tidevannskraftverk |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |___location=Oslo |url=http://snl.no/Kvalsundet_tidevannskraftverk |last=Askheim |first=Svein |editor-last=Godal |editor-first=Anne Marit |editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |language=Norwegian |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref> This 300&nbsp;kW prototype was a 20&nbsp;m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine. It sat on a monopile foundation in 50&nbsp;m deep water. In 2003, the project was reported to have cost US$11m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-09-22 |title=Norway tries underwater ‘windmills’'windmills' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3087374 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> The HS300 turbine was connected to the grid in 2014, and operated for over 16,000 hours before it was decommissioned in 2011 and removed in 2012.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kvalsund Tidal Turbine Prototype {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/kvalsund-tidal-turbine-prototype |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref>
 
A more powerful 1MW device was then tested at EMEC from 2012. The '''HS1000''' was also a 20&nbsp;m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine, installed at the Fall of Warness test site in December 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2011-12-26 |title=Giant tidal device set for tests off Orkney |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-16327617 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR2012_low%20res_FINAL.pdf |title=Renewables 2012 Global Status Report |last=((REN21)) |date=June 2012 |page=46 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
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'''HydroQuest''' is a French developer of vertical-axis river current and tidal stream turbines, based in [[Grenoble]].<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.hydroquest.fr/en/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=HydroQuest |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 
In 2013, HydroQuest installed a turbine in the [[Oyapock]] river in [[French Guiana]], powering the 200 inhabitants of the [[Camopi]] village.<ref name=":30" /><ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Mallard |firstfirst1=Kathleen |last2=Garbuio |first2=Lauric |last3=Debusschere |first3=Vincent |date=2020-01-01 |title=Towards sustainable business model and sustainable design of a hydro generator system dedicated to isolated communities |url=https://hal.science/hal-03051966/file/S2212827120300986.pdf |journal=Procedia CIRP |series=27th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference (LCE2020) |volume=90 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.004 |issn=2212-8271}}</ref> The also company tested a 40&nbsp;kW '''HydroQuest 1.40''' in the [[Loire]] river in [[Orléans]] in late 2014, connecting it to the French electricity grid in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaneva |first=Mariyana |date=2015-10-12 |title=HydroQuest connects river current turbine to French grid |url=https://renewablesnow.com/news/hydroquest-connects-river-current-turbine-to-french-grid-496908/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Renewables Now}}</ref>
 
A 1&nbsp;MW '''OceanQuest''' turbine was tested at [[Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm|Paimpol–Bréhat]] between April 2019 and December 2021. It was constructed by [[Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie]] (CMN) in Cherbourg, and comprised four vertical axis turbines each with three blades, mounted in pairs on two shafts. The device weighed 1500 tonnes.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |last=Ajdin |first=Adis |date=2020-05-05 |title=HydroQuest marks OceanQuest milestone |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/hydroquest-marks-oceanquest-milestone/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=Leask Marine complete major offshore decommissioning project in France |url=https://www.leaskmarine.com/leask-marine-complete-major-offshore-decommissioning-project-in-france/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Leask Marine Ltd |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tait |first=Carly |date=2021-10-05 |title=HydroQuest tidal turbine : End of tests on the EDF site in Paimpol Bréhat and new stages of development at the Raz Blanchard |url=https://interregtiger.com/hydroquest-tidal-turbine-end-of-tests-on-the-edf-site-in-paimpol-brehat-and-new-stages-of-development-at-the-raz-blanchard/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=TIGER: Tidal Stream Industry Energiser |language=en-GB}}</ref>
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'''Magallanes Renovables, S.L'''. is a Spanish developer of floating tidal energy devices, set up in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables: Unlocking energy from tidal power |url=https://www.magallanesrenovables.com/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Magallanes Renovables |language=en-US}}</ref> The company's head office is in [[Redondela]], with a UK subsidiary Magallanes Tidal Energy Ltd. based in [[Kirkwall]].
 
Their second-generation 1.5&nbsp;MW{{NoteTag|Some sources quote the rated power as 2 MW|name=MagallanesPower}} '''ATIR''' device has two three-bladed counter-rotating 19&nbsp;m diameter rotors at either end of a common driveshaft, mounted below the 45&nbsp;m long hull.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Díaz‐DoradoDíaz-Dorado |firstfirst1=Eloy |last2=Carrillo |first2=Camilo |last3=Cidras |first3=Jose |last4=Román |first4=David |last5=Grande |first5=Javier |date=2021-01-21 |title=Performance evaluation and modelling of the Atir marine current turbine |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/rpg2.12071 |journal=IET Renewable Power Generation |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=821–838 |doi=10.1049/rpg2.12071 |issn=1752-1416|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/magallanes-renovables-atir-emec |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref> It was constructed in Spain in the [[Ria de Vigo]] and launched in 2017 followed by a period of tow testing. The device was then towed to Orkney where it was deployed at the Fall of Warness and grid-connected in 2019. In 2020, it was towed to Edinburgh for maintenance, before returning to site in April 2021.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Magallanes tidal unit reinstalled at EMEC |url=https://renews.biz/68108/magallanes-tidal-unit-reinstalled-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Marthinsen |first=Stig |title=Magallanes reinstall ATIR tidal turbine at EMEC, Interreg VB North Sea Region Programme |url=https://northsearegion.eu/periscope/news/magallanes-reinstall-atir-tidal-turbine-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=northsearegion.eu |language=}}</ref> The company previously tested a smaller scale version of the ATIR device at the [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] nursery test site in Shapinsay Sound, although this was not grid-connected.<ref name=":8" />
 
In 2022, Magallanes Tidal Energy was awarded a [[contract for difference]] (CfD) to supply subsidised electricity to the GB [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]], from a 1.5&nbsp;MW device at [[Morlais]] expected to be operational by 2025/26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 4: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-4-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> The following year, they were awarded a further 3&nbsp;MW at Morlais, and 1.5&nbsp;MW at EMEC.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 5: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-5-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
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{{See also|Marine Current Turbines|SeaGen}}
 
'''Marine Current Turbines''' (MCT) was a [[Bristol]]-based company that developed seabed mounted tidal-stream turbines. In June 2003, MCT installed the 300&nbsp;kW Seaflow turbine in [[Lynmouth]], Devon.<ref name=":11">{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20714897 |title=Development installation and testing of a large-scale tidal current turbine |last=Thake |first=Jeremy |date=October 2005 |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref> The larger 1.2&nbsp;MW SeaGen turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]] in May 2008, and connected tot the Irish electricity grid in July. It was decommissioned in stages between May 2016 and July 2019, having exported 11.6&nbsp;GWh of electricity.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-03 |title=Atlantis Successfully Decommissions 1.2 MW SeaGen Tidal System in Industry First {{!}} SIMEC Atlantis Energy |url=https://simecatlantis.com/2019/07/26/meygen-operational-update-3-2/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903161227/https://simecatlantis.com/2019/07/26/meygen-operational-update-3-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
=== Minesto ===
{{Main|Minesto}}
'''Minesto AB''' is a Swedish developer of [[Tidal stream generator#Tidal kite turbines|tidal kite turbines]], based in [[Gothenburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact |url=https://minesto.com/contact/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Minesto |language=en}}</ref> The company tested a 500&nbsp;kW Deep Green DG500 turbine in the Holyhead Deep off the coast of [[Anglesey]], North Wales in 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=Minesto flies Wales tidal kite |url=https://renews.biz/54809/minesto-flies-wales-tidal-kite/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref> In 2022, they installed two 100&nbsp;kW Dragon 4 turbines at [[Vestmanna]]sund in the [[Faroe Islands]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-09-07 |title=Minesto starts commissioning second ‘Dragon'Dragon 4’4' tidal power plant |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/minesto-starts-commissioning-second-dragon-4-tidal-power-plant/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> and are planning to install a 1.2&nbsp;MW Dragon 12 turbine there in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-11-09 |title=Minesto’sMinesto's 1.2MW tidal energy device on its way to Faroe Islands |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/minestos-1-2mw-tidal-device-on-its-way-to-faroe-islands/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
=== Nova Innovation ===
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The '''D03''' was a 30&nbsp;kW horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor 3&nbsp;m in diameter, hence the name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=D03 |url=https://www.sabella.bzh/en/our-projects/d03/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Sabella |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was tested in the [[Odet]] estuary in 2008, but not grid connected. The turbine weighed 7&nbsp;tonnes, and sat on a gravity base in around 25&nbsp;m deep water.
[[File:Hydrolienne Sabella D10 (2).JPG|alt=Looking up at the Sabella D10 turbine from ground level. At the top of the image are 6 large blades around a bulbous hub, all painted bright blue. The cylindrical nacelle behind is supported on a pile with tubular steel bracing forming a tripod. The Nacelle and foundation are painted bright blue.|thumb|Sabella D10 turbine]]
The larger 1&nbsp;MW '''D10''' turbine was then developed, and tested in the [[Fromveur Passage]], Brittany from June 2015. After hackers interrupted the communications link with the turbine, it began supplying power to the grid in [[Ushant]] on 5 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Gregory |date=2016-03-23 |title=Hackers rendered 1-MW Sabella D10 tidal turbine inoperable in France |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/hackers-rendered-1-mw-sabella-d10-tidal-turbine-inoperable-in-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The device was periodically removed for maintenance, for example in April 2019 after having been re-deployed in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2019 |title=Sabella tidal device undergoes maintenance |url=https://renews.biz/52642/sabella-tidal-device-undergoes-maintenance/ |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref> It was redeployed for a third test campaign in April 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-05-04 |title=Sabella reinstalls D10 tidal turbine for third test campaign offshore France |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sabella-reinstalls-d10-tidal-turbine-for-third-test-campaign-offshore-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> and in September 2023, it was reported the turbine was supplying around 25% of the electricity used on Ushant Island.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-10-10 |title=Sabella’sSabella's D10 tidal turbine breaks power production record |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sabellas-d10-tidal-turbine-breaks-power-production-record/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
The D10 turbine is also a horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor and a direct drive permanent magnet generator. It is mounted on a tubular steel tripod foundation approximately 23&nbsp;m wide, with the turbine 12.5&nbsp;m above the seabed.<ref>{{Cite conference |lastlast1=Paboeuf |firstfirst1=Stéphane |last2=Sun |first2=Pascal Yen Kai |last3=Macadré |first3=Laura-Mae |last4=Malgorn |first4=Gaël |date=June 19–24, 2016 |title=Power Performance Assessment of the Tidal Turbine Sabella D10 Following IEC62600-200 |doi=10.1115/OMAE2016-54836 |url=https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2016-54836 |conference=ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Busan, South Korea}}</ref>
 
Sabella announced in January 2022 joint plans with [[Nova Innovation]] to each develop 6&nbsp;MW of a 12&nbsp;MW berth at Morlais.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova and Sabella secure 12MW Welsh tidal site |url=https://renews.biz/75200/nova-and-sabella-secure-12mw-welsh-tidal-site/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=reNEWS.biz}}</ref>
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Their first platform, '''PLAT-O''', was a submerged mid-water-column device, with two 50&nbsp;kW [[Schottel (company)|Schottel]] SIT turbines, mounted between three buoyant hulls. It was initially tested in [[The Solent]], before being tested at [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2016 |title=SME wets Plato head |url=https://renews.biz/42313/sme-wets-plato-head/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
 
The floating '''PLAT-I''' '''4.63''' was developed for community-scale deployments in inshore waters. It had four 6.3&nbsp;m diameter turbines mounted on a floating boat-like structure. It was first tested at the [[Falls of Lora]], western Scotland in November 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Marine Energy’sEnergy's Inshore Platform PLAT-I Powers Up |url=https://www.schottel.de/medien-events/presseinfos/press-detail/sustainable-marine-energys-inshore-platform-plat-i-powers-up |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.schottel.de |language=en}}</ref> before being shipped to Canada and tested at Grand Passage, [[Nova Scotia]] in 2018.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=Sustainable Marine Floats Out 'Next-Gen' Tidal Energy Platform in Canada |url=https://www.oedigital.com/news/485009-sustainable-marine-floats-out-next-gen-tidal-energy-platform-in-canada |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Engineer Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
 
An upgraded '''PLAT-I''' '''6.4''', with six 4&nbsp;m diameter rotors, totaling 420&nbsp;kW, was built by A.F. Theriault & Son Ltd. in Meteghan, Nova Scotia in 2021.<ref name=":16" /> The turbine was tested at FORCE in the Grand Passage, delivering the first floating tidal power to the Canadian grid in April 2022.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-04-12 |title=Sustainable Marine delivers first ‘grid'grid-compliant’compliant' floating tidal power system in Canada |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sustainable-marine-delivers-first-grid-compliant-floating-tidal-power-system-in-canada/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
SME developed the '''Pempa’q project''' at FORCE which was to comprise an array of the PLAT-I turbines, with up to 9&nbsp;MW installed.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-09-30 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy reveals plans for 9-MW Pempa’qPempa'q Tidal Energy Project |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/oceantidalstream-power/sustainable-marine-energy-reveals-plans-for-9-mw-pempaq-tidal-energy-project/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The project received C$28.5million in funding from the Government of Canada,<ref name=":16" /> however it was cancelled in 2023, citing federal red tape.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Logan |first=Cloe |date=2023-05-05 |title=Tidal power company tanks Bay of Fundy project over federal red tape |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/05/05/news/tidal-power-company-tanks-bay-fundy-project-over-federal-red-tape |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Canada's National Observer |language=en}}</ref> SME placed the turbines into storage and removed all of the equipment from the seabed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2023 |title=FORCE 2023 Project Update |url=https://fundyforce.ca/document-collection/force-2023-project-update |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy}}</ref> However, one of the turbines broke its moorings and washed ashore in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Josh |date=Nov 17, 2023 |title=Tidal power turbine owned by bankrupt company washes ashore on Brier Island |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/tidal-power-turbine-washes-ashore-brier-island-1.7031737 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CBC News}}</ref>
 
In October 2022, the company split out its anchoring solutions as '''Swift Anchors''', with the aim to focus on different technologies including [[Floating wind turbine|Floating offshore wind]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Sustainable Marine sells Swift Anchors to SCHOTTEL |url=https://www.offshore-mag.com/business-briefs/company-news/article/14284424/sustainable-marine-sells-swift-anchors-to-schottel |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore}}</ref>
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=== Tidal Energy Ltd ===
[[File:©Tidal Energy Ltd..jpeg|alt=A workboat with a large crane is lowering a tidal turbine mounted on a triangular steel frame into the sea.|thumb|Tidal Energy Ltd - DeltaStream device installation in Ramsey Sound, Pembrokeshire in 2015]]
'''Tidal Energy Ltd''' (TEL) was a tidal stream developer based in Cardiff, Wales. They developed a three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine mounted on a 16&nbsp;m long triangular gravity base. To increase reliability, a simple fixed-pitch blade design was used.<ref>{{Cite conference |lastlast1=Freeman |firstfirst1=C |last2=Amaral Teixeira |first2=J |last3=Trarieux |first3=F |last4=Ayre |first4=R |date=2009 |title=Design of a gravity stabilised fixed pitch tidal turbine of 400 kW |url=https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Freemanetal2009.pdf |conference=Proceedings of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Uppsala, Sweden. |via=Tethys}}</ref>
 
A 400&nbsp;kW prototype was installed in [[Ramsey Island#Ramsey Sound|Ramsey Sound]], Wales in December 2015 after sitting on the quayside at [[Pembroke Dock]] for over a year.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Kelsey |first=Chris |date=2015-12-14 |title=Tidal energy device DeltaStream installed in the sea |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/radical-new-tidal-energy-device-10594709 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Wales Online |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-13 |title=Giant tidal turbine placed on seabed off Pembrokeshire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-35087510 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> In March 2016, the turbine developed "an intermittent fault with an active sonar" followed by a mechanical defect which prevented it generating.<ref name=":37">{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Gregory |date=2016-12-13 |title=Welsh government says buyer being sought for 400-kW DeltaStream tidal energy device |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/business/welsh-government-says-buyer-being-sought-for-400-kw-deltastream-tidal-energy-device/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> After the company went into administration in October,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-24 |title=Administrators seek buyer for Tidal Energy Ltd |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-37752750 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> the Welsh Government sought a buyer for the turbine in December 2016.<ref name=":37" />
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A prototype T1 turbine was tested in the sluice of the [[Afsluitdijk]] (Closure Dyke) in the Netherlands in 2008. This was 2.8&nbsp;m in diameter and rated at 45&nbsp;kW.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/publications/oes-annual-reports/document/oes-annual-report-2008/ |title=2008 Annual Report |date=February 2009 |publisher=International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) |page=98}}</ref> In early 2015, a further three Tocardo T1 turbines were installed, each rated at 100&nbsp;kW.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Tidal power plants are put to the test in the Netherlands {{!}} Engineer Live |url=https://www.engineerlive.com/node/18486 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.engineerlive.com}}</ref>
 
In 2015, five Tocardo T2 turbines were installed on the [[Oosterscheldekering]] (Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier) also in the Netherlands. These started generating electricity to the Dutch grid in 2016.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/publications/oes-annual-reports/document/oes-annual-report-2016/ |title=2016 Annual Report |date=2016-04-24 |publisher=The Executive Committee of Ocean Energy Systems |page=114}}</ref> They were mounted on a frame supported by the road bridge which could rotate to lift all of the turbines out the water simultaneously. Each turbine was 5.26&nbsp;m in diameter (87&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> swept area) and rated at 250&nbsp;kW for a total power of 1.25&nbsp;MW.<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=de Fockert |firstfirst1=Anton |last2=Bijlsma |first2=Arnout C. |last3=O'Mahoney |first3=Tom S. D. |last4=Verbruggen |first4=Wilbert |last5=Scheijgrond |first5=Peter C. |last6=Wang |first6=Zheng B. |date=2023-09-01 |title=Assessment of the impact of tidal power extraction from the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier through the evaluation of a pilot plant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148123007711 |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=213 |pages=109–120 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.06.001 |issn=0960-1481|doi-access=free }}</ref> The project was decommissioned after eight years of operation in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-10-06 |title=Tocardo concludes 8-year demonstration of Eastern Scheldt tidal energy array |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/tocardo-concludes-8-year-demonstration-of-eastern-scheldt-tidal-energy-array/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
In the ''BlueTec'' project a floating platform was moored near the Dutch island of [[Texel]], with a Tocardo turbine mounted beneath it. It was initially installed in summer 2015 with a 100&nbsp;kW T1 turbine, then reinstalled in early 2016 with a T2 turbine, and provided power to the local electricity grid.<ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Nichols |firstfirst1=Carly |last2=Nauw |first2=Janine |last3=Posoni |first3=Leandro |last4=Smit |first4=Marck |last5=Buatois |first5=Aymeric |last6=de Haas |first6=Pieter |date=25 August 2016 |title=BlueTEC Texel A Floating Tidal Energy Platform Prototype |url=https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/bluetec-texel |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Hydro International |language=en}}</ref> The turbine was launched from [[Den Helder]], and there were plans to also test a 50&nbsp;kW Schottle turbine on the platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Energy |first=Marine |date=2015-04-09 |title=BlueTec platform inaugurated at Port of Den Helder |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/bluetec-platform-inaugurated-at-port-of-den-helder/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
Three Tocardo T1 turbines were integrated onto the 240&nbsp;kW QED Naval ''Subhub'' community demonstrator platform in late 2021, with a plan to test the turbine in [[The Solent]] near [[Yarmouth, Isle of Wight]], UK.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2021-12-06 |title=Tocardo’sTocardo's tidal energy turbines check in to Subhub plaform |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/tocardos-tidal-energy-turbines-check-in-to-subhub-plaform/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
The next generation of Tocardo T3 turbines are planned to be used on the tidal projects by Hydrowing and Môr Energy at [[Morlais]], Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jay |date=2022-02-07 |title=HydroWing To demonstrate Next generation Tocardo Turbines at Morlais Tidal Demo-Zone |url=https://www.marineenergywales.co.uk/industry-news/hydrowing-to-demonstrate-next-generation-tocardo-turbines-at-morlais-tidal-demo-zone/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Marine Energy Wales |language=en-US}}</ref>
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'''Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies GmbH''' was a joint venture between [[Voith|Voith Hydro]] and [[RWE Innogy]] that developed tidal stream turbines, however Innogy sold their stake in November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=Voith to install tidal turbine in Scotland |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/voith-to-install-tidal-turbine-in-scotland/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carruthers |first=Quentin |date=2013-12-02 |title=Innogy exits Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies |url=https://globalventuring.com/corporate/innogy-exits-voith-hydro-ocean-current-technologies/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Global Venturing}}</ref>
 
The 110&nbsp;kW HyTide 110–5.3 turbine was tested in southern [[South Korea]], near [[Jindo (island)|Jindo island]] in 2010, a 1/3rd scale prototype. This had a 5.33&nbsp;m diameter rotor, 22&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> swept area. The turbine was designed to be simple, with a direct-drive generator (without gearbox) and no yaw or blade pitch adjustment. It also had no dynamic seals, thus the generator was cooled by seawater. The turbine was prototype certified by [[Germanischer Lloyd]].<ref>{{Cite conference |lastlast1=Arlitt |firstfirst1=Raphael |last2=Argyriadis |first2=K |date=2010-10-06 |title=Development and Certification of the Voith Hydro HyTide® 110 Tidal turbine |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/documents/17094-icoe2010-r.arlitt.pdf/ |conference=3rd International Conference on Ocean Energy, 6 October, Bilbao}}</ref>
 
A full-scale 1&nbsp;MW horizontal-axis turbine was then tested at EMEC between 2013 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidal clients / Voith Hydro |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/our-tidal-clients/voith-hydro/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre |language=}}</ref> The HyTide 1000 had a 13&nbsp;m diameter rotor (133&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> swept area), and weighed around 200&nbsp;tonnes. It was installed by ''SLA Offshore'' in September 2013, from the [[Dynamic positioning|DP&nbsp;II]] vessel ''MV Lone''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-25 |title=VIDEO: Tidal turbine deployment process |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/video-tidal-turbine-deployment-process/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Offshore Energy |language=}}</ref>
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|2016
|2017
|<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Allsop |firstfirst1=Steven |last2=Peyrard |first2=Christophe |last3=Thies |first3=Philipp R. |last4=Boulougouris |first4=Evangelos |last5=Harrison |first5=Gareth P. |date=2017-09-01 |title=Hydrodynamic analysis of a ducted, open centre tidal stream turbine using blade element momentum theory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801817303360 |journal=Ocean Engineering |volume=141 |pages=531–542 |doi=10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.06.040 |issn=0029-8018|hdl=10871/28435 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Paimpol-Brehat Tidal Farm |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/paimpol-brehat-tidal-farm/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=Paimpol-Brehat Tidal Demonstration Project {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/paimpol-brehat-tidal-demonstration-project |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Zhoushan tidal power station
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|2016-12
|Operational
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellichipuram |first=Umesh |date=2016-12-07 |title=Atlantis’Atlantis' first MeyGen tidal turbine starts operating at full power |url=https://www.power-technology.com/news/newsatlantis-first-meygen-tidal-turbine-starts-operating-at-full-power-5690870/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|SIMEC Atlantis, AR1500
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