Apis mellifera: differenze tra le versioni

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L{{'}}'''ape europea''' o '''ape occidentale''' ('''''Apis mellifera''''' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">[[Linneo|Linnaeus]]</span>, [[1758]]) è la [[specie]] del [[Genere (tassonomia)|genere]] ''[[Apis]]'' più diffusa nel mondo.<ref name="Engel99">{{cncite journal|author=Michael S. Engel|year=1999|title=The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: ''Apis'')|journal=[[Journal of Hymenoptera Research]]|volume=8|pages=165–196|author-link=Michael S. Engel}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lo|first1=N.|last2=Golag|first2=R.S.|last3=Anderson|first3=D.L.|last4=Oldroyd|first4=B.P.|title=A molecular phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines, A. breviligula Maa, and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India, A. indica Fabricius, are valid species|journal=Systematic Entomology|date=2010|volume=35|issue=2|pages=226–233|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00504.x|s2cid=84531938}}</ref>

Si crede che tale specie abbia avuto origine in Africa<ref name="Whitfieldetalpp642–645">{{cite journal|author=Charles W. Whitfield, Susanta K. Behura , Stewart H. Berlocher, Andrew G. Clark, J. Spencer Johnston, Walter S. Sheppard, Deborah R. Smith, Andrew V. Suarez, Daniel Weaver & Neil D. Tsutsui|year=2006|title=Thrice out of Africa: ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee, ''Apis mellifera''|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=314|issue=5799|pages=642–645|pmid=17068261|doi=10.1126/science.1132772|url=http://www.life.illinois.edu/suarez/Publications/Whitfield_etal2006Science.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929070749/http://www.life.illinois.edu/suarez/publications/Whitfield_etal2006Science.pdf|archive-date=September 29, 2015|bibcode=2006Sci...314..642W|s2cid=15967796}}</ref> o in Asia,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Han|first1=Fan|last2=Wallberg|first2=Andreas|last3=Webster|first3=Matthew T|title=From where did the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) originate?|journal=Ecology and Evolution|date=2012|volume=2|issue=8|pages=1949–1957|pmc=3433997|pmid=22957195|doi=10.1002/ece3.312}}</ref> e che si diffuse attraverso l'Africa, il Medio Oriente e l'Europa.<ref name="UnivFlorida"/> Gli esseri umani sono responsabili di avere esteso il loro areale, introducendo sottospecie europee in Nord America (primi anni del XVII secolo),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061211220927.htm|title=Research upsetting some notions about honey bees|publisher=[[ScienceDaily]]|date=29 dicembre 2006}}</ref> in Sud America, Australia, Nuova Zelanda e in Asia orientale.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Winston|first1=M.|last2=Dropkin|first2=J.|last3=Taylor|first3=O.|title=Demography and life history characteristics of two honey bee races (Apis mellifera)|journal=Oecologia|date=1981|volume=48|issue=3|pages=407–413|doi=10.1007/bf00346502|pmid=28309760|bibcode=1981Oecol..48..407W|s2cid=10088325}}</ref> Attualmente si trova in ogni continente eccetto l'Antartide.<ref name="UnivFlorida">{{cite web|date=agosto 2013|access-date=1 September 2018|url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/MISC/BEES/euro_honey_bee.htm|title=European honey bee|work=Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida|first1=Ashley N.|last1=Mortensen|first2=Daniel R.|last2=Schmehl|first3=Jamie|last3=Ellis}}</ref>

Originaria del vecchio mondo, [[Europa]], [[Africa]] e parte dell'[[Asia]], fu introdotta nei [[continente|continenti]] [[Americhe|americano]] e [[australia]]no.{{cn}}

FuDopo classificataaver dascelto il nome ''Apis mellifera'' ("portatrice di miele") nel 1758, [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linneo]] propose nel [[1758]] con1761 il nomepiù tecnicamente corretto ''Apis mellifica'' ("produttrice di miele"), nome ancora usato da alcuni autori.{{cn}}<ref> {{Cita libro |titolo = Animal Species for Developmental Studies |curatore1 = T. A. Dettlaff |curatore2 = Sergei G. Vassetzky |url = https://books.google.it/books?id=fFrSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=%22Apis+mellifera%22+%22Apis+mellifica%22+Linneo&source=bl&ots=rnFMJGNafE&sig=0cGatuuxZweU4rJ9AXs6DJ1cg4A&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiducuNwpTbAhULUK0KHTfuDVsQ6AEIqQEwFA#v=onepage&q=%22Apis%20mellifera%22%20%22Apis%20mellifica%22%20Linneo&f=false |editore = Springer Science & Business Media |città = [[Dordrecht]] |anno = 2012 |lingua = en |volume = Volume 1 Invertebrates |p = 204 |ISBN = 978-1-4613-0503-3 |OCLC = 958562111 |citazione = The honeybee Apis mellifera Linaeus, 1758 (sometimes called Apis mellifica Linnaeus, 1761) |accesso = 20 maggio 2018 }}</ref><ref> {{Cita libro |titolo = Anatomy and Dissection of the Honeybee |autore = H. A. Dade |url = https://books.google.it/books?id=_JEaMktVWEMC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=%22Apis+mellifera%22+%22Apis+mellifica%22+Linneo&source=bl&ots=MzmqlADE9-&sig=kW_AnIZeC07frNnXeHxGupCSyWY&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiducuNwpTbAhULUK0KHTfuDVsQ6AEIxAEwGQ#v=onepage&q=%22Apis%20mellifera%22%20%22Apis%20mellifica%22%20Linneo&f=false |editore = I.B.R.A. e London : International Bee Research Association |città = Londra |anno = 1994 |lingua = en |p = 28 |ISBN = 0-86098-214-9 |OCLC = 780621829 |citazione = The correct, official name of our honeybee is Apis mellifera L., which means 'the honey-bearing bee', not a very good descriptive name. It is the first name given to her by Linnaeus, and it appears in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae (1758). Later, he changed the name to Apis Mellifica. |accesso = 20 maggio 2018 }}</ref>

== Biologia ==