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The heyday of separate-use [[zoning in the United States]] came after World War II when planner and [[New York City Parks Commissioner]], [[Robert Moses]], championed superhighways to break up functions and neighborhoods of the city. The antithesis to these practices came from activist and writer, [[Jane Jacobs]], who was a major proponent of mixed-use zoning, believing it played a key role in creating an organic, diverse, and vibrant streetscape.<ref name=":5" /> These two figures went head-to-head during much of the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Jacobs|url=https://www.pps.org/article/jjacobs-2|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.pps.org}}</ref> Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as it works to combat [[urban sprawl]] and increase economic vitality.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007|title=Chicago Zoning Ordinance|url=https://www.metroplanning.org/uploads/cms/documents/chicago-zoning-ordinance.pdf|website=Metropolitan Planning Council}}</ref>
In most of Europe, government policy has encouraged the continuation of the city center's role as a main ___location for business, retail, restaurant, and entertainment activity, unlike in the United States where zoning actively discouraged such mixed use for many decades. In England, for example, hotels are included under the same umbrella as
America's attachment to private property and the traditional 1950s suburban home, as well as deep racial and class divides, have marked the divergence in mixed-use zoning between the continents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirt|first=Sonia|date=2012-11-01|title=Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412212451029|journal=Journal of Planning Literature|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=375–393|doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|s2cid=154219333|issn=0885-4122}}</ref> As a result, much of Europe's central cities are mixed use "by default" and the term "mixed-use" is much more relevant regarding new areas of the city where an effort is made to mix residential and commercial activities – such as in Amsterdam's [[Eastern Docklands]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|title = Mixed Use by Default| journal=Journal of Planning Literature| volume=27| issue=4| pages=375–393|year = 2012|last1 = Hirt|first1 = Sonia|s2cid = 154219333|author1-link = Sonia Hirt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/09654310500242048|title = Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands| journal=European Planning Studies| volume=13| issue=7| pages=967–983|year = 2005|last1 = Hoppenbrouwer|first1 = Eric| last2=Louw| first2=Erik|s2cid = 154169103}}</ref>
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===Social===
[[File:Pentagon Row.jpg|thumb|Apartments with ground floor retail and ice skating rink at Pentagon Row in Arlington, VA.]]
This development pattern is centered around the idea of
===Environmental===
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One of the first cities to adopt a policy on mixed-use development is [[Toronto]]. The local government first played a role in 1986 with a zoning bylaw that allowed for commercial and residential units to be mixed. At the time, Toronto was in the beginning stages of planning a focus on developing mixed-use development due to the growing popularity of more social housing. The law has since been updated as recently as 2013, shifting much of its focus outside the downtown area which has been a part of the main city since 1998. With the regulations in place, the city has overseen the development of high-rise condominiums throughout the city with amenities and transit stops nearby. Toronto's policies of mixed-use development have inspired other North American cities in Canada and the United States to bring about similar changes.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/environment/sites/ca.environment/files/uploads/files/planning_for_mixed_use_affordable_for_whom.pdf|title=Planning for Mixed Use: Affordable for Whom?}}</ref>
One example of a [[Toronto]] mixed-use development is Mirvish Village<ref>{{cite web | last=Hume | first=Christopher | date=2015-03-20 |title=Honouring his parents at Honest Ed's site | url=https://www.thestar.com/life/homes/2015/03/20/honouring-his-parents-at-honest-eds-site.html?fb_ref=Default |work=The Star |access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> by architect [[Gregory Henriquez]]. Located at [[Bloor Street|Bloor]] and [[Bathurst Street (Toronto)|Bathurst Street]], a significant intersection in Toronto, portions of the Mirvish Village project site are zoned as "commercial residential" and others as "mixed commercial residential
=== United States ===
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