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== Starship reusability development ==
{{Main|SpaceX Starship
The goal of the Starship launch system is to be a fully reusable orbital launch and reentry vehicle.<ref name=":242">{{Cite journal|last1=Inman|first1=Jennifer Ann|last2=Horvath|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Scott|first3=Carey Fulton|date=24 August 2021|title=SCIFLI Starship Reentry Observation (SSRO) ACO (SpaceX Starship)|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210020835|url-status=live|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011134426/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210020835|archive-date=11 October 2021|access-date=12 October 2021|website=[[NASA]]}}</ref> The Starship launch system consists of two stages: a Super Heavy booster and a Starship spacecraft;<ref name="20190928techcrunch-elon">{{cite news|last=Etherington|first=Darrell|date=29 September 2019|title=Elon Musk says Starship should reach orbit within six months – and could even fly with a crew next year|publisher=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/28/elon-musk-says-starship-should-reach-orbit-within-six-months-and-it-could-even-fly-with-a-crew-next-year/|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924073050/https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/28/elon-musk-says-starship-should-reach-orbit-within-six-months-and-it-could-even-fly-with-a-crew-next-year/|archive-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> both have a body made from [[SAE 304 stainless steel|SAE 304L stainless steel]]<ref name=":72">{{Cite news|last=Howell|first=Elizabeth|date=21 August 2021|title=Every SpaceX Starship explosion and what Elon Musk and team learned from them (video)|language=en|website=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/every-spacex-starship-explosion-lessons-learned|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903073445/https://www.space.com/every-spacex-starship-explosion-lessons-learned|archive-date=3 September 2021}}</ref> and are designed to hold [[liquid oxygen]] and [[liquid methane]]. Super Heavy and then Starship will boost the payload up to orbital speed, after which both of them will land and can be used again. Starship can send more than {{cvt|100|metric ton|lb}} to [[low Earth orbit]];<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2020|title=STARSHIP USERS GUIDE|url=https://www.spacex.com/media/starship_users_guide_v1.pdf|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> higher Earth and other orbits are accessible after being refueled by tanker Starships. Future planned Starship variants will be able to land on the [[Moon]] and [[Mars]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chaben|first=Jack B.|year=2020|title=Extending Humanity's Reach: A Public-Private Framework for Space Exploration|journal=Journal of Strategic Security|publisher=University of South Florida Board of Trustees|volume=13|issue=3|page=90|doi=10.5038/1944-0472.13.3.1811|jstor=26936546|doi-access=free}}</ref> Starship's design has influenced other launch vehicles, such as the [[Terran R]]'s full reusability capability.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Berger|first=Eric|date=2021-06-08|title=Relativity has a bold plan to take on SpaceX, and investors are buying it|language=en-us|website=Ars Technica|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/06/relativity-has-a-bold-plan-to-take-on-spacex-and-investors-are-buying-it/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608175325/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/06/relativity-has-a-bold-plan-to-take-on-spacex-and-investors-are-buying-it/|archive-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>
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=== Testing ===
On 27 August 2019, a simplified test article named ''Starhopper'' hopped {{cvt|150|m}} high.<ref name="spacenews20190827">{{cite news|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=27 August 2019|title=SpaceX's Starhopper completes test flight|publisher=SpaceNews|url=https://spacenews.com/spacexs-starhopper-completes-test-flight/|access-date=28 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Unveiled in a SpaceX event in September 2019, Starship Mk1 (Mark 1) was the first full‑scale Starship test article to be built. The Mk2 in Florida was constructed five months later.<ref name=":6">{{cite news|date=5 October 2019|title=SpaceX's Starship is a new kind of rocket, in every sense|publisher=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2019/10/05/spacexs-starship-is-a-new-kind-of-rocket-in-every-sense|url-status=live|access-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111225747/https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2019/10/05/spacexs-starship-is-a-new-kind-of-rocket-in-every-sense|archive-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> Neither flew: Mk1 was destroyed during a cryogenic proof test and Mk2 was scrapped.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marley|first=Ronnie|date=20 November 2019|title=SpaceX moving to MK3 vehicle following incident at Boca Chica Facility|work=CBS News|url=https://valleycentral.com/news/local/spacex-starship-mk1-explodes-at-boca-chica-facility|url-status=live|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217150935/https://valleycentral.com/news/local/spacex-starship-mk1-explodes-at-boca-chica-facility|archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> In early 2020, SpaceX changed Mk3's name to SN1 (serial number 1).<ref>{{cite news|last=Torbet|first=Georgina|date=27 April 2020|title=SpaceX Starship Successfully Passes Pressure Testing|publisher=Digital Trends|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/news/spacex-starship-sn4-pass-pressure-test/|url-status=live|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301073531/https://www.digitaltrends.com/news/spacex-starship-sn4-pass-pressure-test/|archive-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> During a cryogenic proof test on 28 February 2021, a fault in SN1's bottom tank caused it to crumble. On 8 March 2020, SN2 stripped-down test tank completed its only cryogenic proof test.<ref name="space-20200310">{{cite news|last=Wall|first=Mike|date=10 March 2020|title=SpaceX's latest Starship prototype passes big tank pressure test|publisher=Space.com|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn2-prototype-pressure-test.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311202449/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn2-prototype-pressure-test.html|archive-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> On 3 April 2020, during SN3's cryogenic proof test, a valve leaked the liquid nitrogen inside its lower tank, causing the vessel to depressurize and collapse.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bartels|first=Meghan|date=3 April 2020|title=SpaceX's Starship SN3 prototype collapses in pressure tank test|publisher=Space.com|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn3-pressure-test-failure.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918053840/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn3-pressure-test-failure.html|archive-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> After SN4's fifth successful static fire test on 29 May 2020, the [[Quick connect fitting|quick disconnect fuel line]] caused it to explode.<ref name="sn20200529">{{cite news|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=29 May 2020|title=SpaceX Starship prototype destroyed after static-fire test|publisher=SpaceNews|url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-starship-prototype-destroyed-after-static-fire-test/|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> On 15 June 2020, Musk tweeted that new prototypes would be made from [[SAE 304 stainless steel|SAE 304L]] instead of 301 stainless steel.<ref name=":72"/> On 4 August 2020, SN5 completed a {{cvt|150|m}} hop using a single Raptor, the first full-scale test article to complete a flight test intact.<ref name="techcrunch-20200804">{{cite news|last=Etherington|first=Darrell|date=5 August 2020|title=SpaceX Successfully Flies its Starship Prototype to a Height of Around 500 Feet|publisher=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/04/spacex-successfully-flies-its-starship-prototype-to-a-height-of-around-500-feet/|url-status=live|access-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519235715/https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/04/spacex-successfully-flies-its-starship-prototype-to-a-height-of-around-500-feet/|archive-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> On 24 August 2020, SN6 replicated SN5's flight path successfully.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wall|first=Mike|date=9 September 2020|title=Watch SpaceX's SN6 Starship prototype soar on test flight (video)|publisher=Space.com|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn6-prototype-test-flight-video.html|url-status=live|access-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829122256/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn6-prototype-test-flight-video.html|archive-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> SN7 was not completed, but as of October 2021, its tanks were salvaged for various experiments.<ref>{{cite news|last=Malik|first=Tariq|date=23 June 2020|title=Boom! SpaceX pops huge Starship SN7 test tank on purpose in pressure test (videos)|publisher=Space.com|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn7-test-tank-destroyed-videos.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719130934/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn7-test-tank-destroyed-videos.html|archive-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>
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