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<math>\ d = -\frac{1}{4} ln(\frac{1+2r}{1-2r})</math>
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Below 10% recombination frequency, there is little mathematical difference between different mapping functions and the relationship between map distance and recombination frequency is linear (that is, 1 map unit = 1% recombination frequency).<ref name=":2" /> While many mapping functions now exist,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crow |first=J F |date=1990 |title=Mapping functions. |url=https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/125/4/669/6000769 |journal=Genetics |language=en |volume=125 |issue=4 |pages=669–671 |doi=10.1093/genetics/125.4.669 |issn=1943-2631 |pmc=1204092 |pmid=2204577}}</ref> in practice functions other than Haldane and Kosambi are rarely used.<ref name=":1" /> More specifically, The Haldane function is preferred when distance between markers is relatively smaller, whereas the Kosambi function is preferred when distances between markers is larger and crossovers need to be accounted for.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Handbook_of_Computational_Molecular_Biol/3Ss-ws2Zm6IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=SA17-PA11&printsec=frontcover |title=Handbook of computational molecular biology |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-58488-406-4 |editor-last=Aluru |editor-first=Srinivas |series= |___location= |pages=17-10–17-11 |oclc=}}</ref>
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