Computer technology for developing areas: Difference between revisions

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'''Computer technology for developing areas''' is a field focused on using technology to improve the quality of life and support economic development in regions with limited access to resources and infrastructure. This area of research seeks to address the digital divide, which refers to the gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not, and the resulting inequalities in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.

Computer technology is often given to developing areas through donation. Many institutions, government, charitable, and for-profit organizations throughout the world give hardware, software, and infrastructure along with the necessary training to use and maintain it all.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-86854-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html# |title=Refurbished Computers in SchoolNet South Africa — a Comparative Study |access-date=2010-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308130513/http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-86854-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html# |archive-date=2010-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Opportunity==

{{See also|Global digital divide|Digital divide|Global Internet usage}}

Developing countries lag behind other nations in terms of ready access to the internet, though computer access has started to bridge that gap. Access to computers, or to broadband access, remains rare for half of the world's population. For example, as of 2010, on average of only one in 130 people in Africa had a computer<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/Butty-U-S-Computers-for-Africa-14april10-90805754.html Computers for Africa Launches New Initiative to Help Schools (4/13/2010)]</ref> while in North America and Europe one in every two people had access to the Internet.<ref>[https://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol17no3/173tech.htm Africa takes on the digital divide]</ref> 90% of students in Africa had never touched a computer.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110108153058/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5iS38zZc6d-JIIBpAx705Zz-zt94Q?docId=N0401251293791904810A Computers recycled to help Africa (12/31/2010)]</ref> Industrialized countries have an average GNP ten times larger than those of developing countries. The per capita GNP of the United States compared to the per capita of India holds a ratio of fifty to zero. This may be due to differences in economic priorities and social needs. Salaries of clerical staff in developed countries are averaged ten times larger salaries than those in developing countries. Purposes and usage of technology varies drastically due to shifts of priority between industrialized and developing countries. Underutilization of existing computers continues to be a problem in developing countries. Simple designs such as computer memory still have not been implemented or maximized in comparison to industrialized countries today.

Local networks can provide significant access to software and information even without utilizing an internet connection, for example through use of the [[Wikipedia]] CD selection or the [[eGranary Digital Library]].

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South Africa has one of the largest and most successful introductions of computers to the residents in Africa with the Smart Cape Access Project initiated in 2000 in Cape Town winning the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Access to Learning Award in 2003 (Valentine, 2004. The project piloted 36 computers in six public libraries in disadvantages areas of Cape Town in 2002 with four computers designated for public use for each library. Libraries had the important structure with security, electricity and telephone connections, and known access by the public. Cape Town City Council sought information from librarians to build their project realizing that free Internet access was critical to the projects success including training, a user guide, help desk support and feedback loop. They anticipated that Internet access would "create much-needed jobs for citizens, but ... it can empower people to market themselves, start their own businesses, or gain access to useful information".<ref name=valentine>{{cite journal|last=Valentine|first=S.|title=E-powering the people: South Africa's Smart Cape Access Project|journal=Council on Library and Information Resources|date=March 2004}}</ref> Funding for the project relied on donations and partnerships from private organizations with extensive volunteer help in accessing open-source software that is available from licensed vendors or free on the Internet. While the project has been plagued by slow Internet speeds, long lines of waiting users, hacking and budgets, the demand for more computers remains high. Residents have used Internet access to build their own businesses using Smart Cape for administration, to obtain jobs sometimes overseas, to create some unsanctioned small-scale ventures such as paying an educated user to write one's resume, to write letters, e-mail, play games, complete homework and do research, and to obtain information such as BMW advertisements among other uses. Older people, unemployed youth and school children have been the most prevalent users of the Internet with 79 percent being men.

With the first phase of the project completed in 2005 and the second phase consisting of monitoring and evaluation of pilot sites just completed in 2007, the roll out of the final phase of the project is underway.<ref name=tshabalala>{{cite web|last=Tshabalala|first=R.|title=Cape Access Project|url=http://capegateway.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801112832/http://capegateway.gov/#|archive-date=2013-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over one hundred thousand people have made use of the Smart Cape Access Project computers' free access since 2002 (Brown, 2007) which is about one fifth increase in overall access to the Internet for the 3.2 million population of Cape Town increasing total access to 17 percent of the residents in 2008 (Mokgata, 2008). However, the project continues to be plagued by budget issues leading to questions about long-term sustainability because of its heavy reliance on donations and volunteers. The project reports did not address the maintenance of the computers or the network which could also be a rather large expenditure. Of further concern is the lack of use by women and girls, which culturally presents a hierarchy problem because men are the public face, and another topic to consider in the future.

====Africa and other less successful projects====

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An e-learning strategy is being developed consultatively involving various stakeholders in the environment sector which yet Uganda has no e-waste recycler with capacity to cab down the problem of accumulation of e-waste.

List of Charitable organisations

* multi-national – Digital Partnership<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitalpartnership.org/# |title=Digital Partnership home page |access-date=2010-12-31 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020808070610/http://www.digitalpartnership.org/# |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* multi-national – InterConnection<ref>[http://www.interconnection.org website]</ref>

* multi-national – Non-Profit Computing, Inc.<ref>[http://www.click-aid.org/ website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627081023/http://www.click-aid.org/ |date=2011-06-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idealist.org/view/asset/wDCmSSFdM2Jd/ |title=Idealist listing |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215101141/http://www.idealist.org/view/asset/wDCmSSFdM2Jd/ |archive-date=2011-02-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (a [[United Nations]] advisor)