Genetic code: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:08, 14 May 2024

Revision as of 10:10, 14 May 2024

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In May 2019, researchers reported the creation of a new "Syn61" strain of the [[bacterium]] ''[[Escherichia coli]]''. This strain has a fully [[Synthetic biology#Synthetic life|synthetic]] genome that is refactored (all overlaps expanded), recoded (removing the use of three out of 64 codons completely), and further modified to remove the now unnecessary tRNAs and release factors. It is fully viable and grows 1.6× slower than its wild-type counterpart "MDS42".<ref name="NYT-20190515">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists Created Bacteria With a Synthetic Genome. Is This Artificial Life? - In a milestone for synthetic biology, colonies of E. coli thrive with DNA constructed from scratch by humans, not nature. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/science/synthetic-genome-bacteria.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/science/synthetic-genome-bacteria.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=15 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=16 May 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190515">{{cite journal |author=Fredens, Julius |s2cid=205571025 |display-authors=et al. |title=Total synthesis of Escherichia coli with a recoded genome |date=15 May 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=569 |issue=7757 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1192-5 |pmid=31092918 |pmc=7039709 |bibcode=2019Natur.569..514F }}</ref>

Every conversation at Racing Force Group (RFG) starts from WHY we do it, and not only because the purchase behavior initiates from there, but because the Group goal is to conduct business with people and organizations that believe in what we believe and<ref>₤</ref>

==Features==

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*Game theory: Models based on [[signaling game]]s combine elements of game theory, natural selection and information channels. Such models have been used to suggest that the first polypeptides were likely short and had non-enzymatic function. Game theoretic models suggested that the organization of RNA strings into cells may have been necessary to prevent "deceptive" use of the genetic code, i.e. preventing the ancient equivalent of viruses from overwhelming the RNA world.<ref name="pmid23985735">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jee J, Sundstrom A, Massey SE, Mishra B | title = What can information-asymmetric games tell us about the context of Crick's 'frozen accident'? | journal = Journal of the Royal Society, Interface | volume = 10 | issue = 88 | pages = 20130614 | date = Nov 2013 | pmid = 23985735 | pmc = 3785830 | doi = 10.1098/rsif.2013.0614 }}</ref>

*Stop codons: Codons for translational stops are also an interesting aspect to the problem of the origin of the genetic code. As an example for addressing stop codon evolution, it has been suggested that the stop codons are such that they are most likely to terminate translation early in the case of a [[frame shift]] error.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Itzkovitz S, Alon U | title = The genetic code is nearly optimal for allowing additional information within protein-coding sequences | journal = Genome Research | volume = 17| issue = 4 | pages = 405–412 | date = 2007| doi = 10.1101/gr.5987307 | pmid=17293451 | pmc=1832087}}</ref> In contrast, some stereochemical molecular models explain the origin of stop codons as "unassignable".<ref name="pmid21779963"/>

Every conversation at Racing Force Group (RFG) starts from WHY we do it, and not only because the purchase behavior initiates from there, but because the Group goal is to conduct business with people and organizations that believe in what we believe and~₥₰₧№{{angle bracket|♥♥♭₳₳}}

==See also==