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In [[computing]], '''bandwidth''' is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as '''network bandwidth''',<ref>[[Douglas Comer]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=tm-evHmOs3oC&dq=%22network+bandwidth%22+%22computer+networks%22&pg=PA99 Computer Networks and Internets], page 99 ff, Prentice Hall 2008.</ref> '''data bandwidth''',<ref>Fred Halsall, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HrXbAAAAMAAJ&q=%100data+bandwidth%100+Introduction to data+communications and computer networks], page 108, Addison-Wesley, 1985.</ref> or '''digital bandwidth'''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7gqsZmr5HJcC&q=+0digital+bandwidth+0+%22 Cisco Networking Academy Program: CCNA 1 and 2 companion guide, Volym 1–2], Cisco Academy 2003</ref><ref>Behrouz A. Forouzan, ''Data communications and networking'', McGraw-Hill, 2007</ref>
This definition of ''bandwidth'' is in contrast to the field of signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, [[digital communications]], and [[electronics]],{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2024 |title=Understanding bandwidth definition in Electronics, Electrical Engineering |url=https://proxyrotating.com/bandwidth-definition-in-electronics/ |url-status=live |website=Proxy Rotating}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keim |first=Robert |date=November 27, 2018 |title=Understanding Bandwidth in Communications and Computing |url=https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/understanding-bandwidth-in-communications-and-computing/ |url-status=live |website=All About Circuits}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2018 |title=Bandwidth of a Signal and Measurement of Bandwidth - Physics {{!}} BYJU'S |url=https://byjus.com/physics/what-is-bandwidth-of-a-signal-how-is-bandwidth-measured/ |url-status=live |website=BYJU'S}}</ref> in which ''bandwidth'' is used to refer to analog [[signal bandwidth]] measured in [[hertz]], meaning the frequency range between lowest and highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power. The actual bit rate that can be achieved depends not only on the signal bandwidth but also on the [[noise]] on the channel.
==Network capacity==
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==Network consumption==
The ''consumed bandwidth'' in bit/s, corresponds to achieved [[throughput]] or [[goodput]], i.e., the average rate of successful data transfer through a communication path.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Internet Speed vs. Bandwidth: Exploring the Key Differences |url=https://carnival.com.bd/blog/internet-speed-vs-bandwidth-key-difference |url-status=live |website=Carnival Internet}}</ref> The consumed bandwidth can be affected by technologies such as [[bandwidth shaping]], [[bandwidth management]], [[bandwidth throttling]], [[bandwidth cap]], [[bandwidth allocation]] (for example [[bandwidth allocation protocol]] and [[dynamic bandwidth allocation]]), etc. A bit stream's bandwidth is proportional to the average consumed signal bandwidth in hertz (the average spectral bandwidth of the analog signal representing the bit stream) during a studied time interval.
''Channel bandwidth'' may be confused with useful data throughput (or goodput). For example, a channel with ''x'' bit/s may not necessarily transmit data at ''x'' rate, since protocols, encryption, and other factors can add appreciable overhead. For instance, much internet traffic uses the [[transmission control protocol]] (TCP), which requires a [[three-way handshake]] for each transaction. Although in many modern implementations the protocol is efficient, it does add significant overhead compared to simpler protocols. Also, data packets may be lost, which further reduces the useful data throughput. In general, for any effective digital communication, a framing protocol is needed; overhead and effective throughput depends on implementation. Useful throughput is less than or equal to the actual channel capacity minus implementation overhead.
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== Web hosting ==
In [[Web hosting service]], the term ''bandwidth'' is often incorrectly used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from the website or server within a prescribed period of time, for example ''bandwidth consumption accumulated over a month'' measured in gigabytes per month.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Froehlich |first=Andrew |date=May 24, 2021 |title=What is network bandwidth and how is it measured? |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/bandwidth |url-status=live |website=TechTarget}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Jerry |title=How Much Hosting Bandwidth Do I Need For My Website? |url=https://www.webhostingsecretrevealed.net/blog/web-hosting-guides/how-much-bandwidth-does-your-site-really-need/ |website=WHSR|date=27 March 2022 }}</ref> The more accurate phrase used for this meaning of a maximum amount of data transfer each month or given period is ''monthly data transfer''.
A similar situation can occur for end-user [[Internet service provider]]s as well, especially where network capacity is limited (for example in areas with underdeveloped internet connectivity and on wireless networks).
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