Gender binary: Difference between revisions

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The '''gender binary''' (also known as '''gender binarism''')<ref name="Garber1997">{{cite book |author=Marjorie Garber |title=Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCzYJisHWHAC |access-date=18 September 2012 |date=25 November 1997 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-91951-7 |pages=2, 10, 14–16, 47}}</ref><ref name="Card1994">{{cite book |author=Claudia Card |title=Adventures in Lesbian Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/adventuresinlesb00card |url-access=registration |access-date=18 September 2012 |year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20899-6 |page=the [https://archive.org/details/adventuresinlesb00card/page/127 127]}}</ref><ref name="Rosenblum2000">{{cite journal |author=Rosenblum, Darren |year=2000 |title='Trapped' in Sing-Sing: Transgendered Prisoners Caught in the Gender Binarism |journal=Michigan Journal of Gender & Law |volume=6 |ssrn=897562}}</ref> refers tois the classification of gender into two distinct forms: of [[masculine]] and [[feminine. This classification can]], occurwhether throughby [[social systemssystem]], [[Culture|cultural]] beliefs[[belief]], or both simultaneously.{{efn-ua |In this context the word "binary" often functions as a combination[[noun]], unlike several [[Binary (disambiguation)|other uses of boththe word]], where it is an [[adjective]].}} Most cultures adoptuse thisa binarygender approachbinary, recognizing onlyhaving two genders: ([[boys]]/[[men]] and [[girls]]/[[women]]).<ref name="Nadal-re-binary">Kevin L. Nadal, ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender'' (2017, {{ISBN|978-1-4833-8427-6}}), page 401: "Most cultures currently construct their societies based on the understanding of gender binary—the two gender categorizations (male and female). Such societies divide their population based on biological sex assigned to individuals at birth to begin the process of gender socialization."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sigelman |first1=Carol K. |last2=Rider |first2=Elizabeth A. |title=Life-Span Human Development |date=14 March 2017 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-337-51606-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2M1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA385 |access-date=4 August 2021 |language=en |page=385}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maddux |first1=James E. |last2=Winstead |first2=Barbara A. |title=Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding |date=11 July 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-64787-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-ChDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1028 |access-date=4 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

WithinIn this binary frameworkmodel, a person's ''[[gender]]'' and ''[[sexuality]]'' may be assumed by default to align with one's [[sex assigned at birth]]. This assumptionmay extendsinclude tocertain variousexpectations societalof expectationshow regardingone appearancedresses themselves, one's behavior, [[sexual orientation]], names, or pronouns, which restroom useone uses, and moreother qualities. For example, when a male assigned at birth is expectedborn, togender exhibitbinarism masculinemay traitsassume andthat behaviorsthe andmale towill be heterosexual,masculine typicallyin attractedappearance, tohave females.masculine Thesecharacter rigid expectations can perpetuate negative attitudes, biases,traits and discrimination against those who express gender variancebehaviors, nonconformity,as orwell whoseas genderhaving identitya does[[heterosexual]] notattraction alignto with their birth sexfemales.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keating |first1=Anne |title=glbtq >> literature >> Gender |url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/gender.html |website=www.glbtq.com |publisher=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |access-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403155153/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/gender.html |archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> These expectations may reinforce negative [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]], [[bias]]es, and [[discrimination]] towards people who display [[Gender expression|expressions]] of [[Gender variance|gender variance or nonconformity]] or those whose [[gender identity]] is incongruent with their birth sex.<ref name="Hill-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Darryl B. |last2=Willoughby |first2=Brian L. B. |date=October 2015 |title=The Development and Validation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale |journal=Sex Roles |volume=53 |issue=7–8 |pages=531–544 |doi=10.1007/s11199-005-7140-x |s2cid=143438444 |issn=0360-0025}}</ref> Discrimination against transgender or gender nonconforming people can take various forms, from physical or sexual assault, homicide, limited access to public spaces, in healthcare and more. The gender binary has been critiqued by scholars of [[intersectionality]] as a structure that maintains [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] and [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] norms as part of an interlocking hierarchical system of gender and race.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scaptura|first1=Maria N.|first2=Brittany E.|last2=Hayes.|chapter=The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Extremist Violence.|title=The Routledge International Handbook on Femicide and Feminicide|date=2023|editor-first1=Myrna|editor-last1=Dawson|editor-first2=Saide Mobayed|editor-last2=Vega}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Jean Ait|last1=Belkhir|first2=Bernice McNair|last2=Barnett|title=Race, Gender and Class Intersectionality|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41674988|journal=Race, Gender & Class|date=March 2017|issn=1082-8354|pages=157–174|volume=8|issue=3|jstor=41674988 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Kimberlé|last1=Crenshaw|title=On Intersectionality: Essential Writings|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/255|journal=Faculty Books|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>

Discrimination against transgender or gender non-conforming individuals can manifest in numerous ways, including physical or sexual violence, homicide, and restricted access to public spaces and healthcare services. The gender binary has been criticized by intersectionality scholars as a mechanism that upholds patriarchal and white supremacist norms within a broader, interconnected hierarchy of gender and race.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scaptura|first1=Maria N.|first2=Brittany E.|last2=Hayes.|chapter=The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Extremist Violence.|title=The Routledge International Handbook on Femicide and Feminicide|date=2023|editor-first1=Myrna|editor-last1=Dawson|editor-first2=Saide Mobayed|editor-last2=Vega}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Jean Ait|last1=Belkhir|first2=Bernice McNair|last2=Barnett|title=Race, Gender and Class Intersectionality|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41674988|journal=Race, Gender & Class|date=March 2017|issn=1082-8354|pages=157–174|volume=8|issue=3|jstor=41674988 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Kimberlé|last1=Crenshaw|title=On Intersectionality: Essential Writings|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/255|journal=Faculty Books|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>

==General==