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{{Short description|European optical sensing project}}
{{Improve categories|date=February 2021}}
▲[[File:Phosfos logo.jpg|thumbnail|right|400px]]
'''PHOSFOS''' (Photonic Skins For Optical Sensing) is a [[Research and development|research and technology development]] project co-funded by the [[European Commission]].
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==Project Description==
[[File:PhosFOS flexible skin.jpg|thumbnail|right|
[[File:PhosFos flexible skin demo.jpg|thumbnail|right|
The PHOSFOS project<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/About-us/Project-Summary |title=Project Summary / About us / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127030416/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/About-us/Project-Summary |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is developing flexible and stretchable foils or skins that integrate optical sensing elements with optical and electrical devices, such as onboard signal processing and wireless communications, as seen in Figure 1. These flexible skins can be wrapped around, embedded in, and anchored to irregularly shaped or moving objects and allow quasi-distributed sensing of mechanical quantities such as deformation, pressure, stress, and strain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spie.org/x38859.xml?highlight=x2406&ArticleID=x38859|title = Artificial skin based on flexible optical tactile sensors}}</ref> This approach offers advantages over conventional sensing systems, such as increased portability and measurement range.
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==Key results==
[[File:NoiseGratingsZR.jpg|thumbnail|right|
A summary of the key developments can be found on the PhoSFOS EU webpage and includes the demonstration of a fully flexible opto-electronic foil.<ref>Fully flexible opto-electronic foil, E. Bosman, G. Van Steenberge, I. Milenkov, K. Panajotov, H. Thienpont, J. Bauwelinck, P. Van Daele, Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2010</ref>
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Figure 3 shows the [[scattering]] of HeNe [[laser]] light from noise gratings recorded in [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|PMMA]] using a 325 nm HeCd laser.
One of the early results from the project was in developing a repeatable method for joining polymer fiber to standard silica fiber — a major development that enabled using POF Bragg gratings in applications outside an optics lab. One of the first uses for these sensors was in monitoring strain in tapestries<ref>{{cite report |vauthors=Lennard F, Eastop D, Ye CC, Dulieu-Barton JM, Chambers AR, Khennouf D |date=2008 |chapter=Progress in strain monitoring of tapestries |pages=843–848 |title=ICOM Committee for Conservation |volume=II |url=http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/68650/01/137_Lennard.pdf
Temperature and humidity sensing using a combined silica / POF fiber sensor has been demonstrated.<ref>Optical fibre temperature and humidity sensor, C. Zhang, W. Zhang, D.J. Webb, G.D. Peng, Electronics Letters, 46, 9, pp643-644, 2010, {{doi|10.1049/el.2010.0879}}</ref>
Other recent progress includes the demonstration of birefringent photonic crystal fibers with zero polarimetric sensitivity to temperature,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/index.php/eng/Phosfos/Journals/Birefringent-photonic-crystal-fibers-with-zero-polarimetric-sensitivity-to-temperature |title=Birefringent photonic crystal fibers with zero polarimetric sensitivity to temperature / Journals / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2010-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720172055/http://www.phosfos.eu/index.php/eng/Phosfos/Journals/Birefringent-photonic-crystal-fibers-with-zero-polarimetric-sensitivity-to-temperature |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results |title=Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126031453/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results |archive-date=2011-11-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a successful demonstration of transversal load sensing with fibre Bragg gratings in microstructured optic fibers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/index.php/eng/Phosfos/Journals/Transversal-Load-Sensing-with-Fiber-Bragg-Gratings-in-Microstructured-Optical-Fibers |title=Transversal Load Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings in Microstructured Optical Fibers / Journals / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2010-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720172149/http://www.phosfos.eu/index.php/eng/Phosfos/Journals/Transversal-Load-Sensing-with-Fiber-Bragg-Gratings-in-Microstructured-Optical-Fibers |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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* Integrated sensors and optoelectronics - several different approaches for embedding optical fibre sensors in a flexible and stretchable host material, including injection molding, laser structuring, and soft lithography were considered. The influence of the embedding process was studied for silica and polymer [[fiber Bragg gratings]]. Temperature, humidity, strain, curvature and pressure sensitivities were fully characterized for different flexible host materials. An approach in which the embedded optoelectronic chips can be efficiently coupled towards the optical fiber sensors, using dedicated coupling structures, incorporating a 45˚ micromirror, as well as a fiber alignment groove was proposed. This allowed low cost components to be used in combination with well-established fabrication technologies, to demonstrate a truly low cost fully integrated sensing foil for biomedical applications.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-03-Integrating-Sensors-and-Opto-electronics-in-Flexible-Materials |title=Fact Sheet 03 - Integrating Sensors and Opto-electronics in Flexible Materials / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063605/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-03-Integrating-Sensors-and-Opto-electronics-in-Flexible-Materials |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Polymer [[fiber Bragg gratings]] - prior to the commencement of PHOSFOS, gratings in polymer optical fibre (POF) only existed in the 1550 nm spectral region where the large fibre loss (1 dB/cm) only permitted very short (<10 cm) fibre lengths to be used and the devices had to be butt-coupled to a silica fiber pigtail on the optical bench.
* The PHOSFOS consortium has developed a means for reliably splicing POF to silica fibre and produced the first gratings in the 800 nm spectral region where losses are almost 2 orders of magnitude less than at 1550 nm. These developments have allowed POF grating sensors to be used outside the laboratory for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-04-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Gratings |title=Fact Sheet 04 - Polymer Fibre Bragg Gratings / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063610/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-04-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Gratings |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Wavelength multiplexed polymer fiber Bragg gratings - once the fiber connection issue was solved it was possible to fabricated the first ever wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) Bragg grating sensors in polymer optical fibre (POF). Moreover, by characterizing and using the thermal annealing properties of the fibre it was possible to shift the reflecting wavelength of a grating by over 20 nm, to enable multiple WDM sensors to be recorded with a single phase mask.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet 05 - Wavelength Multiplexed / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-05-Wavelength-Multiplexed |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063615/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-05-Wavelength-Multiplexed |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>▼
* Femtosecond fiber Bragg gratings - using femtosecond lasers to inscribe fiber Bragg gratings in optical fibers, while also selectively inducing [[birefringence]] in the optical fibre at the same spatial ___location as the grating, has enabled the development of vectorial sensors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-06-Femtosecond-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Fabrication |title=Fact Sheet 06 - Femtosecond Fibre Bragg Grating Fabrication / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063620/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-06-Femtosecond-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Fabrication |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>▼
▲* Wavelength multiplexed polymer fiber Bragg gratings - once the fiber connection issue was solved it was possible to fabricated the first ever wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) Bragg grating sensors in polymer optical fibre (POF). Moreover, by characterizing and using the thermal annealing properties of the fibre it was possible to shift the reflecting wavelength of a grating by over 20 nm, to enable multiple WDM sensors to be recorded with a single phase mask.
▲.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-06-Femtosecond-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Fabrication |title=Fact Sheet 06 - Femtosecond Fibre Bragg Grating Fabrication / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063620/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-06-Femtosecond-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Fabrication |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Polymers for flexible skinlike materials - a series of polymer materials were developed that have inherent flexibility and tuneable mechanical strength. They are also visually transparent and are compatible with commercially available formulations. A great step forward in developing novel monomers and prepolymers that supplement commercial formulations was taken and several novel formulations created. Finally, we also developed a new optical fiber coating material that quickly cures on silica fibres under UV irradiation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-07-Polymers-for-Flexible-Skinlike-Materials |title=Fact Sheet 07 - Polymers for Flexible Skinlike Materials / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063625/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-07-Polymers-for-Flexible-Skinlike-Materials |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Sensing system for silica microstructured fibers for pressure and temperature sensing - the silica MSF based pressure sensor has great potential value potential in the field of downhole pressure monitoring within the oil and gas industry. In this application there is a need to monitor high pressures (range from 0 to 1000 bar) in combination with fast temperature variations. The ultralow temperature cross-sensitivity is therefore an important feature of this system<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-08-Silica-Microstructured-Optical-Fibre-Sensor-Pre-Product-Prototype |title=Fact Sheet 08 - Silica Microstructured Optical Fibre Sensor Pre-Product Prototype / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126051446/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-08-Silica-Microstructured-Optical-Fibre-Sensor-Pre-Product-Prototype |archive-date=2011-11-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Sensing system for multimode polymer fiber Bragg gratings - fiber Bragg grating sensors are commonly used for strain and temperature sensing but pressure sensing can be more challenging especially when space is limited. The PHOSFOS project consortium developed a new polymer multipoint FBG sensor that can measure the pressure in various medical applications. The fact that polymer fiber is used rather than silica fiber is beneficial in terms of patient safely. The low [[Young's modulus]] of polymer fiber improves the strain transfer from the surrounding medium to the sensors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-09-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Oesophageal-Sensor-Demonstrator |title=Fact Sheet 09 - Polymer Fibre Bragg Grating Oesophageal Sensor Demonstrator / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063630/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-09-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Oesophageal-Sensor-Demonstrator |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-10-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Interrogator |title=Fact Sheet 10 - Polymer Fibre Bragg Grating Interrogator / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063635/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-10-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Interrogator |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>▼
▲pressure sensing can be more challenging especially when space is limited. The PHOSFOS project consortium developed a new polymer multipoint FBG sensor that can measure the pressure in various medical applications. The fact that polymer fiber is used rather than silica fiber is beneficial in terms of patient safely. The low [[Young's modulus]] of polymer fiber improves the strain transfer from the surrounding medium to the sensors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-09-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Oesophageal-Sensor-Demonstrator |title=Fact Sheet 09 - Polymer Fibre Bragg Grating Oesophageal Sensor Demonstrator / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063630/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-09-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Oesophageal-Sensor-Demonstrator |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-10-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Interrogator |title=Fact Sheet 10 - Polymer Fibre Bragg Grating Interrogator / Facts & Results / Phosfos / Home - PHOSFOS - Photonic Skins for Optical Sensing |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127063635/http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-10-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Interrogator |archive-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Consortium==
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