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Data visualization refers to the techniques used to communicate data or information by encoding it as visual objects (e.g., points, lines, or bars) contained in graphics. The goal is to communicate information clearly and efficiently to users. It is one of the steps in [[data analysis]] or [[data science]]. According to Vitaly Friedman (2008) the "main goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and effectively through graphical means. It doesn't mean that data visualization needs to look boring to be functional or extremely sophisticated to look beautiful. To convey ideas effectively, both aesthetic form and functionality need to go hand in hand, providing insights into a rather sparse and complex data set by communicating its key aspects in a more intuitive way. Yet designers often fail to achieve a balance between form and function, creating gorgeous data visualizations which fail to serve their main purpose — to communicate information".<ref>Vitaly Friedman (2008) [http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/01/14/monday-inspiration-data-visualization-and-infographics/ "Data Visualization and Infographics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722172600/http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/01/14/monday-inspiration-data-visualization-and-infographics/ |date=2008-07-22 }} in: ''Graphics'', Monday Inspiration, January 14, 2008.</ref>
Indeed, [[Fernanda Viegas]] and [[Martin M. Wattenberg]] suggested that an ideal visualization should not only communicate clearly, but stimulate viewer engagement and attention.<ref>{{Cite news |first1= Fernanda |last1=Viegas|first2=Martin |last2=Wattenberg |title= How To Make Data Look Sexy |work= CNN |date= April 19, 2011 |url=
Data visualization is closely related to [[information graphics]], [[information visualization]], [[scientific visualization]], [[exploratory data analysis]] and [[statistical graphics]]. In the new millennium, data visualization has become an active area of research, teaching and development. According to Post et al. (2002), it has united scientific and information visualization.<ref name="FHP02">Frits H. Post, Gregory M. Nielson and Georges-Pierre Bonneau (2002). [http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf ''Data Visualization: The State of the Art''. Research paper TU delft, 2002.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007134531/http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf |date=2009-10-07 }}.</ref>
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