Video coding format: Difference between revisions

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The other key development was motion-compensated hybrid coding.<ref name="ITU"/> In 1974, Ali Habibi at the [[University of Southern California]] introduced hybrid coding,<ref name="Habibi">{{cite journal |last1=Habibi |first1=Ali |title=Hybrid Coding of Pictorial Data |journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications |date=1974 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=614–624 |doi=10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092258}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Z. |last2=He |first2=T. |last3=Jin |first3=X. |last4=Wu |first4=F. |title=Learning for Video Compression |journal=IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology |date=2019 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=566–576 |doi=10.1109/TCSVT.2019.2892608 |arxiv=1804.09869 |s2cid=13743007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=William K. |title=Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics: Supplement |date=1984 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=9780120145720 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OX00AAAAIAAJ |quote=A significant advance in image coding methodology occurred with the introduction of the concept of hybrid transform/DPCM coding (Habibi, 1974).}}</ref> which combines predictive coding with transform coding.<ref name="ITU"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ohm |first1=Jens-Rainer |title=Multimedia Signal Coding and Transmission |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783662466919 |pages=364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7xnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364}}</ref> He examined several transform coding techniques, including the DCT, [[Hadamard transform]], [[Fourier transform]], slant transform, and [[Karhunen-Loeve transform]].<ref name="Habibi"/> However, his algorithm was initially limited to [[intra-frame]] coding in the spatial dimension. In 1975, John A. Roese and Guner S. Robinson extended Habibi's hybrid coding algorithm to the temporal dimension, using transform coding in the spatial dimension and predictive coding in the temporal dimension, developing [[inter-frame]] motion-compensated hybrid coding.<ref name="ITU"/><ref name="Roese">{{cite journal |last1=Roese |first1=John A. |last2=Robinson |first2=Guner S. |editor-first1=Andrew G. |editor-last1=Tescher |title=Combined Spatial And Temporal Coding Of Digital Image Sequences |journal=Efficient Transmission of Pictorial Information |date=October 30, 1975 |volume=0066 |pages=172–181 |doi=10.1117/12.965361 |publisher=International Society for Optics and Photonics|bibcode=1975SPIE...66..172R |s2cid=62725808 }}</ref> For the spatial transform coding, they experimented with different transforms, including the DCT and the [[fast Fourier transform]] (FFT), developing inter-frame hybrid coders for them, and found that the DCT is the most efficient due to its reduced complexity, capable of compressing image data down to 0.25-[[bit]] per [[pixel]] for a [[videotelephone]] scene with image quality comparable to a typical intra-frame coder requiring 2-bit per pixel.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huang |first1=T. S. |title=Image Sequence Analysis |date=1981 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783642870378 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAirCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29}}</ref><ref name="Roese"/>

The DCT was applied to video encoding by Wen-Hsiung Chen,<ref name="Stankovic">{{cite journal |last1=Stanković |first1=Radomir S. |last2=Astola |first2=Jaakko T. |title=Reminiscences of the Early Work in DCT: Interview with K.R. Rao |journal=Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences |date=2012 |volume=60 |url=http://ticsp.cs.tut.fi/reports/ticsp-report-60-reprint-rao-corrected.pdf |access-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref> who developed a fast DCT algorithm with C.H. Smith and S.C. Fralick in 1977,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Wen-Hsiung |last2=Smith |first2=C. H. |last3=Fralick |first3=S. C. |title=A Fast Computational Algorithm for the Discrete Cosine Transform |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Communications]] |date=September 1977 |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1004–1009 |doi=10.1109/TCOM.1977.1093941}}</ref><ref name="t81">{{cite web |title=T.81 – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images – Requirements and guidelines |url=https://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itu-t81.pdf |publisher=[[CCITT]] |date=September 1992 |access-date=July 12, 2019}}</ref> and founded [[Compression Labs, Inc.|Compression Labs]] to commercialize DCT technology.<ref name="Stankovic"/> In 1979, [[Anil K. Jain (electrical engineer, born 1946)|Anil K. Jain]] and Jaswant R. Jain further developed motion-compensated DCT video compression.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cianci |first1=Philip J. |title=High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology |date=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786487974 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mbsfr38GTgC&pg=PA63}}</ref><ref name="ITU"/> This led to Chen developing a practical video compression algorithm, called motion-compensated DCT, or adaptive scene coding, in 1981.<ref name="ITU"/> Motion-compensated DCT later became the standard coding technique for video compression from the late 1980s onwards.<ref name="Ghanbari"/><ref name="Li">{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Jian Ping |title=Proceedings of the International Computer Conference 2006 on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing: Chongqing, China, 29-31 August 2006 |date=2006 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812709998 |page=847 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZiK3zXdK7sC&pg=PA847}}</ref>

===Video coding standards===