Oracle bone script: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 12:01, 31 July 2024

Revision as of 12:18, 31 July 2024

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===Oraculology===

'''Oraculology''' ({{zhi|s=甲骨学|t=甲骨學|p=jiǎgǔxué}}) is the study of [[oracle bone]]s and oracle bone script. It is a humanities discipline that focuses on the [[History of China|Chinese Upper Antiquity]] oracle characters. Oracle bone science can be divided into a narrow sense of oracle bone science and a broad sense of oracle bone science. In the narrow sense, the study of oracle bone script is limited to the study of oracle bone script itself, and it is a discipline of [[Grammatology|paleography]]. This includes the integration of theories, research methods and materials from various disciplines, such as paleography, history, archaeology, historical culture, historical literature, and cultural anthropology, to thoroughly study the historical and cultural background of the oracle bones and some of the patterns of the oracle bone divination. It is a diversified and specialized discipline.<ref name="wang-2010a">{{Cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Yuxin |last2=Wei |first2=Jianzhen |publisher=[[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |year=2010 |isbn={{fi|978-7-5005004-488788878-1}} |___location=Beijing |script-title=zh:甲骨学导论 |trans-title=Introduction to Oraculology |author-mask=Wang Yuxin (王宇信); |author-mask2=Wei Jianzhen (魏建震) |language=zh}}</ref> In the early days of oracle bone discovery, oracle bones were called ''qiwen'', and the study of oracle bones was called ''qiology''. In 1931, Zhou Yitong proposed for the first time that "oracle bone science" was an independent discipline.<ref name="wang-2010a" /> Wang Yuxin emphasized that oracle bones are precious cultural relics and historical materials left over from the ancient period, but their value for archaeological and historical research lies in orthography beyond script interpretation, which has become increasingly recognized by scholars as orthography develops. Oracle bone science is a systematic and scientific inquiry into the inherent laws of the oracle bone script itself and uses it as a basis for glimpsing the history, society, and customs of the ancient world. The oracle bones should not be confused with orthography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wang|first=Yunxin |author-mask=Wang Yuxin (王宇信)|script-title=zh:甲骨学通论 |trans-title=General Theory of Oraculology |year=1999 |publisher=[[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |isbn={{fi|978-7-5005004-403290329-6}} |pages=3–4 |language=zh}}</ref>

== Origins ==

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Among the major scholars making significant contributions to the study of the oracle bone writings, especially early on, were:{{sfn|Xu|2002|pp=16–19}}

* [[Wang Yirong]] recognized the characters as being ancient Chinese writing in 1899.

* [[Liu E (writer)|Liu E]] collected five thousand oracle bone fragments, published the first collection of 1,058 rubbings entitled ''Tieyun Canggui'' ({{lang|zh|鐵雲藏龜}}, Tie Yun's [i.e., Liu E] Repository of Turtles) in 1903,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Creamer |first=Thomas B. I. |title=History, languages, and lexicographers |publisher=De Gruyter |year=1992 |isbn={{fi|978-3-11111-34107134107-1}} |editor-last=Zgusta |editor-first=Ladislav |page=108 |chapter=Lexicography and the history of the Chinese language}}</ref> and correctly identified thirty-four characters.

* [[Sun Yirang]] was the first serious researcher of oracle bones.

* [[Luo Zhenyu]] collected over 30,000 oracle bones and published several volumes, identified the names of the Shang kings, and thus positively identified the oracle bones as being artifacts from the Shang reign.

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File:OracleAutumn.jpg|Oracle script for Autumn

File:OracleWinter.jpg|Oracle script for Winter

File:Shang numerals.jpg|Shang oracle bone numerals<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Joseph |title=The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement of Joseph Needham's Original Text |last2=Ronan |first2=Colin A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1978 |isbn={{fi|978-0-521-21821-4}} |page=6, Table 20}}</ref>

</gallery>

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=== Bibliography ===

{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Baxter |first1=William H. |author-link=William H. Baxter |title=Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction |last2=Sagart |first2=Laurent |author-link2=Laurent Sagart |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19919-94537994537-5}}

* {{Cite book |last=Boltz |first=William G. |author-link=William G. Boltz |title=The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System |publisher=American Oriental Society |year=2003 |isbn={{fi|978-0-940940490-4901818-5}} |___location=New Haven, CT |ref={{sfnref|Boltz|1994}} |orig-date=1994}}

* {{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Zhaorong |publisher=Academia Sinica |year=2003 |isbn={{fi|978-9957-576671-71995995-0}} |___location=Taipei |script-title=zh:秦系文字研究﹕从漢字史的角度考察 |trans-title=Research on the Qin Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing |author-mask=Chen Zhaorong (陳昭容) |language=zh}}

* {{Cite book |last=Demattè |first=Paola |title=The Origins of Chinese Writing |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-19719-63576763576-6}}

* {{Cite book |last=Gao |first=Ming |publisher=Beijing University Press |year=1996 |isbn={{fi|978-7-301-02285-6}} |___location=Beijing |script-title=zh:中国古文字学通论 |trans-title=General Introduction to Chinese Paleography |author-mask=Gao Ming (高明) |language=zh}}

* {{Cite book |last=Keightley |first=David N. |author-link=David Keightley |title=Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China |publisher=University of California Press |year=1985 |isbn={{fi|978-0-520-02969-9}} |___location=Berkeley |ref={{sfnref|Keightley|1978}} |orig-date=1978}}

* {{Cite book |last=Keightley |first=David N. |title=The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200–1045 B.C.) |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn={{fi|978-1-55729-070-0}} |___location=Berkeley |author-mask=3}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Xiaoding |author-mask=Li Xiaoding (李孝定) |year=1968 |script-title=zh:從六書的觀點看甲骨文字 |trans-title=Looking at Shell and Bone Inscriptions From the Point of View of the ''Liu Shu'' |journal=Nanyang Daxue Xuebao |language=zh |pages=84–106}}

* {{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Xinglong |publisher=Wenshizhe chubanshe |year=1997 |isbn={{fi|978-7-80180173-73355355-9}} |___location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:新编甲骨文字典 |trans-title=New Oracle Bone Dictionary |author-mask=Liu Xinglong (刘兴隆)}}

* {{Cite book |publisher=Yuwen chubanshe |year=1989 |isbn={{fi|978-7-80080006-06238238-4}} |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Xiang |editor-mask=Liu Xiang (刘翔) |___location=Beijing |script-title=zh:商周古文字读本 |trans-title=Reader of Shang–Zhou Ancient Characters |ref={{sfnref|Liu|1989}} |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xueqin |display-editors=etal |language=zh}}

* {{Cite book |last=Qiu |first=Xigui |author-link=Qiu Xigui |title=Chinese Writing |publisher=Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California |year=2000 |isbn={{fi|978-1-55755729-29071071-7}} |___location=Berkeley |translator-last=Mattos |translator-first=Gilbert L. |author-mask=Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭) |orig-date=1988 |translator-last2=Norman |translator-first2=Jerry}}

* {{Cite book |title=Anyang and Sanxingdui: Unveiling the Mysteries of Ancient Chinese Civilizations |publisher=Royal Ontario Museum |year=2002 |isbn={{fi|978-0-88888854-54441441-4}} |editor-last=Shen |editor-first=Chen |___location=Toronto}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Thorp |first=Robert L. |year=1981 |title=The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=239–246 |doi=10.2307/3249839 |jstor=3249839}}

* {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Endymion |author-link=Endymion Wilkinson |title=Chinese History: A New Manual |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2015 |isbn={{fi|978-0-674-08846-7}} |edition=4th |___location=Cambridge, MA}}

* {{Cite book |last=Wu |first=Teresa L. |title=The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters |publisher=Caves |year=1990 |isbn={{fi|978-9957-576606-06002002-1}} |___location=Taipei |script-title=zh:中國文字只起源與繁衍 |trans-title=The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters |language=zh}}

* {{Cite book |title=Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin |publisher=National Palace Museum |year=2002 |isbn={{fi|978-9957-575562-62420420-0}} |editor-last=Xu |editor-first=Yahui |editor-mask=Xu Yahui (許雅惠) |___location=Taipei |translator-last=Caltonhill |translator-first=Mark |translator-last2=Moser |translator-first2=Jeff}}

* {{Cite book |last=Woon |first=Wee Lee |title=Chinese writing: its origin and evolution |publisher=University of East Asia Press |year=1987 |___location=Macau |oclc=21757249}}

* {{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Cheng |publisher=Zhonghua shuju |year=2009 |isbn={{fi|978-7-101-00254-6}} |___location=Beijing |script-title=zh:甲骨文簡明詞典——卜辭分類讀本 |trans-title=Concise Reader of Oracle Bone Inscription Classifications |ref={{sfnref|Zhao|1988}} |author-mask=Zhao Cheng (趙誠) |orig-date=1988 |language=zh}}

{{Refend}}

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{{Commons category}}

* {{Cite book |last=Luo |first=Zhenyu |author-link=Luo Zhenyu |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Yin%20xu%20shu%20qi%29 |year=1912 |script-title=zh:殷虛書契 |trans-title=Yinxu inscriptions}}

* {{Cite book |last=Menzies |first=James Mellon |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_990806 |title=Oracle records from the Waste of Yin |publisher=Kelly and Walsh |year=1917 |isbn={{fi|978-0-659-90806-3}} |___location=Shanghai}}

{{Chinese Calligraphies}}