Attribute-based access control: Difference between revisions

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ABAC is a method of implementing access control policies that is highly adaptable and can be customized using a wide range of attributes, making it suitable for use in distributed or rapidly changing environments. The only limitations on the policies that can be implemented with ABAC are the capabilities of the computational language and the availability of relevant attributes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Vincent C. |last2=Kuhn |first2=D. Richard |last3=Ferraiolo |first3=David F. |last4=Voas |first4=Jeffrey |date=February 2015 |title=Attribute-Based Access Control |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7042715 |journal=Computer |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=85–88 |doi=10.1109/MC.2015.33 |s2cid=54967881 |issn=1558-0814}}</ref> ABAC policy rules are generated as Boolean functions of the subject's attributes, the object's attributes, and the environment attributes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Secure Web Services: Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-95.pdf}}</ref>

Unlike [[RBAC|role-based access control]] (RBAC)]], which defines roles that carry a specific set of privileges associated with them and to which subjects are assigned, ABAC can express complex rule sets that can evaluate many different attributes. Through defining consistent subject and object attributes into security policies, ABAC eliminates the need for explicit authorizations to individuals’ subjects needed in a non-ABAC access method, reducing the complexity of managing access lists and groups.

Attribute values can be set-valued or atomic-valued. Set-valued attributes contain more than one atomic value. Examples are ''role'' and ''project''. Atomic-valued attributes contain only one atomic value. Examples are ''clearance'' and ''sensitivity''. Attributes can be compared to static values or to one another, thus enabling relation-based access control.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

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* Fine-grained authorization

== Components ==

=== Architecture ===

ABAC comes with a recommended architecture which is as follows:

# The PEP or Policy Enforcement Point: it is responsible for protecting the apps & data you want to apply ABAC to. The PEP inspects the request and generates an authorization request from which it sends to the PDP.

# The PDP or Policy Decision Point is the brain of the architecture. This is the piece which evaluates incoming requests against policies it has been configured with. The PDP returns a Permit/ Deny decision. The PDP may also use PIPs to retrieve missing metadata

# The PIP or Policy Information Point bridges the PDP to external sources of attributes e.g. LDAP or databases.

=== Attributes ===

Attributes can be about anything and anyone. They tend to fall into 4 different categories:

# Subject attributes: attributes that describe the user attempting the access e.g. age, clearance, department, role, job title

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# Contextual (environment) attributes: attributes that deal with time, ___location or dynamic aspects of the access control scenario<ref name="stackoverflow.com">{{cite web|url=http://stackoverflow.com/questions/36705901/alternatives-for-roles-claims-access-control-systems|title=Alternatives for Roles/Claims Access Control Systems|website=stackoverflow.com}}</ref>

=== Policies ===

Policies are statements that bring together attributes to express what can happen and is not allowed. Policies in ABAC can be granting or denying policies. Policies can also be local or global and can be written in a way that they override other policies. Examples include:

# A user can view a document if the document is in the same department as the user

# A user can edit a document if they are the owner and if the document is in draft mode

# Deny access before 9 AM

With ABAC you can have asan manyunlimited policiesnumber asof you likepolicies that cater to many different scenarios and technologies.<ref name="stackoverflow.com"/>

== Other models ==

Historically, access control models have included [[mandatory access control]] (MAC), [[discretionary access control]] (DAC), and more recently [[role-based access control]] (RBAC). These access control models are user-centric and do not take into account additional parameters such as resource information, the relationship between the user (the requesting entity) and the resource, and dynamic information, e.g. time of the day or user IP.

ABAC tries to address this by defining access control based on attributes which describe the requesting entity (the user), the targeted object or resource, the desired action (view, edit, delete), and environmental or contextual information. This is why access control is said to be attribute-based.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)? |url=https://www.okta.com/blog/2020/09/attribute-based-access-control-abac/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=www.okta.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Implementations==

There are three main implementations of ABAC:

* [https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=xacml#CURRENT OASIS XACML]

* [[Abbreviated Language for Authorization|Abbreviated Language for Authorization (ALFA)]].

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[[XACML]], the eXtensible Access Control Markup Language, defines an architecture (shared with ALFA and NGAC), a policy language, and a request/response scheme. It does not handle attribute management (user attribute assignment, object attribute assignment, environment attribute assignment) which is left to traditional [[Identity management|IAM]] tools, databases, and directories.

Companies, including every branch in the United States military, have started using ABAC. At a basic level, ABAC protects data with ‘IF'IF/THEN/AND’AND' rules rather than assign data to users. The US Department of Commerce has made this a mandatory practice and the adoption is spreading throughout several governmental and military agencies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanford |first1=Jim |title=Encryption on Steroids – Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) |url=https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/thought-leadership/2019/03/28/attribute-based-access-control-abac-encryption-on-steroids/ |website=Siemens |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>

== Applications ==

The concept of ABAC can be applied at any level of the technology stack and an enterprise infrastructure. For example, ABAC can be used at the firewall, server, application, database, and data layer. The use of attributes bring additional context to evaluate the legitimacy of any request for access and inform the decision to grant or deny access.

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=== API and microservices security ===

ABAC can be used to apply attribute-based, fine-grained authorization to the API methods or functions. For instance, a banking API may expose an approveTransaction(transId) method. ABAC can be used to secure the call. With ABAC, a policy author can write the following:

* '''Policy''': managers can approve transactions up to their approval limit

* '''Attributes used''': role, action ID, object type, amount, approval limit.

The flow would be as follows:

# The user, Alice, calls the API method approveTransaction(123)

# The API receives the call and authenticates the user.

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=== Application security ===

One of the key benefits to ABAC is that the authorization policies and attributes can be defined in a technology neutral way. This means policies defined for APIs or databases can be reused in the application space. Common applications that can benefit from ABAC are:

# Content Management Systems

# ERPs

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An example would be:

* Policy: managers can view transactions in their region

* Reworked policy in a data-centric way: users with {{code|code=role == manager}} can do the action {{code|code=SELECT}} on {{code|code=table == TRANSACTIONS}} if {{code|code=user.region == transaction.region}}

=== Data security ===

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As of Windows Server 2012, Microsoft has implemented an ABAC approach to controlling access to files and folders. This is achieved through dynamic access control (DAC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/access-control/dynamic-access-control|title = Dynamic Access Control Overview (Windows 10) - Windows security}}</ref> and Security Descriptor Definition Language (SDDL). SDDL can be seen as an ABAC language as it uses metadata of the user (claims) and of the file/ folder to control access.

== See also ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

* [[Access control list]]

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== References ==

{{Reflistreflist}}

== External links ==