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Modern computer use relies much more heavily on the use of standardized platforms and products, such as the many general-purpose tools available today under Linux and the Microsoft operating systems. Organizations have more off-the-shelf solutions available, and computer use is a basic job requirement for most professionals. Tasks that once would have required a small development team are now tackled by a college intern using [[Microsoft Excel]]. The result has been a trend toward smaller IT staffs and smaller development projects. With larger projects, techniques like [[rapid prototyping]] have shortened development project timelines, placing a priority on quick results with iterative refinement. Traditional programming-in-the-large has thus become rare – the ___domain of industry giants like [[Microsoft]] and [[IBM]]. As a result, although programming productivity is still considered important, it is viewed more along the lines of engineering [[best practice]]s and general [[quality management]], rather than as a distinct discipline.
A need for greater programmer productivity was the impetus for categorical shifts in programming paradigms. These came from
Speed of code generation
Approach to maintenance
Emerging technologies
Learning curve (training required)
Approach to testing
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