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Introversion is the state of primarily obtaining gratification from one's own mental life.<ref name= "mw"/> Introverts are typically perceived as more [[wikt:reserved|reserved]] or [[wikt:reflective|reflective]].<ref name="Extraversion or Introversion"/> Some popular psychologists have characterized introverts as people whose [[Energy (psychological)|energy]] tends to expand through reflection and dwindle during interaction. This is similar to Jung's view, although he focused on mental energy rather than physical energy. Few modern conceptions make this distinction. Introverts often take pleasure in [[wikt:solitary|solitary]] activities such as reading, writing, or meditating. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people. Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings and engagement, introversion having even been defined by some in terms of a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating external environment.<ref name="CainQuiet">Cain, Susan, ''[[Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking]]'', Crown Publishing 2012: quoted by Szalavitz, Maia, [http://healthland.time.com/2012/01/27/mind-reading-qa-with-susan-cain-on-the-power-of-introverts/ "'Mind Reading': Q&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120302181731/http://healthland.time.com/2012/01/27/mind-reading-qa-with-susan-cain-on-the-power-of-introverts/ WebCite archive]), ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' Healthland, January 27, 2012; and [[Gareth Cook|Cook, Gareth]], [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-power-of-introverts&print=true "The Power of Introverts: A Manifesto for Quiet Brilliance"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120219210617/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-power-of-introverts WebCite archive]), ''[[Scientific American]],'' January 24, 2012.</ref> They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents.<ref name=intro>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0003/ai_2602000328 Introversion] ''Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence''. Gale Research, 1998.</ref> They are more analytical before speaking.<ref name="Laney, Marti Olsen 2002">Laney, Marti Olsen (2002), ''The Introvert Advantage: How to Thrive in an Extrovert World'', Workman Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7611-2369-5}}.</ref>
[[File:ExtrovertIntrovertSpectrum.png|thumb|''[[Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking|Quiet: The Power of Introverts...]]'' author [[Susan Cain]] defines introversion and extraversion in terms of preferences for different levels of stimulation—distinguishing it from shyness (fear of social judgment and humiliation).<ref name=TimeHealthland20120127>{{cite
Mistaking introversion for [[shyness]] is a common error. Introversion is a preference, while shyness stems from distress. Introverts prefer solitary to social activities, but do not necessarily fear social encounters like shy people do.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://psychcentral.com/library/shyness.htm | title = All About Shyness | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160912041228/http://psychcentral.com/library/shyness.htm | archive-date=September 12, 2016 | vauthors = Whitten M | work = Psych Central | date = August 21, 2001 | access-date = 2007-08-02 }}</ref> [[Susan Cain]], author of the book ''[[Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking]]'', argues that modern [[Western culture]] misjudges the capabilities of introverted people, leading to a waste of talent, energy, and happiness.<ref name=GlorCBS_20120126>{{Cite news |title = 'Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking,' by Susan Cain | vauthors = Glor J |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/quiet-the-power-of-introverts-in-a-world-that-cant-stop-talking-by-susan-cain/ |publisher=CBS News |date=January 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712140541/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/quiet-the-power-of-introverts-in-a-world-that-cant-stop-talking-by-susan-cain/ |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |url-status=live }} (Glor's interview of Susan Cain)</ref> Cain describes how society is biased against introverts, and that, with people being taught from childhood that to be sociable is to be happy, introversion is now considered "somewhere between a disappointment and pathology".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title = Book Review: Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking by Susan Cain | vauthors = Nair D |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/blogcritics/article/Book-Review-Quiet-The-Power-of-Introverts-in-a-3861336.php |date = September 12, 2012 |newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer (SeattlePI.com) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712140541/https://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/blogcritics/article/book-review-quiet-the-power-of-introverts-in-a-3861336.php |archive-date= July 12, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, Cain says that introversion is not a "second-class" trait but that both introverts and extraverts enrich society, with examples including the introverts [[Isaac Newton]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Dr. Seuss]], [[W. B. Yeats]], [[Steven Spielberg]],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cain S |title=Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyjf3uaQ4TwC |access-date=24 February 2019|isbn=9780307452207 |date=January 24, 2012 |publisher=Crown }}</ref> and [[Larry Page]].<ref name=":0" />
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Extraverts report experiencing more positive emotions, whereas introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be because extraversion is socially preferable in contemporary Western culture and thus introversion feels less desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have found that extraverts tend to report higher levels of [[self-esteem]] than introverts.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00080-1 |title=Direct or indirect, that is the question: A re-evaluation of extraversion's influence on self-esteem |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2004-01_36_1/page/207 |year=2004 | vauthors = Swickert R, Hittner JB, Kitos N, Cox-Fuenzalida LE |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=207–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00078-8 |title=Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2003-04_34_6/page/921 |year=2003 | vauthors = Cheng H, Furnham A |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=921–42}}</ref> Others suggest that such results reflect [[Cultural anthropology|socio-cultural]] bias in the survey itself.<ref name="Laney, Marti Olsen 2002"/> Dr. David Meyers has claimed that happiness is a matter of possessing three traits: self-esteem, [[optimism]], and extraversion. Meyers bases his conclusions on studies that report extraverts to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of the fact that the "happiness" prompts given to the studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with," only measure happiness among extraverts.<ref name="Laney, Marti Olsen 2002"/> Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extraverts tend to be oblivious to them because they focus more on the outer world.<ref name="Psychologist he" />
Although extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, it is not always an advantage. For example, extraverted youths are more likely to engage in antisocial or [[Juvenile delinquency|delinquent]] behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Extraversion, neurotiscism, psychoticism and self-reported delinquency: evidence from eight separate samples |year=1981 | vauthors = Rushton P, Chrisjohn R |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(81)90047-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ryckman R |year=2004 |title=Theories of Personality |___location=Belmont, CA |publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]]}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> In line with this, certain evidence suggest that the trait of extraversion may also be related to that of [[psychopathy]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Newman JP, Widom CS, Nathan S | title = Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition: psychopathy and extraversion | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 48 | issue = 5 | pages = 1316–1327 | date = May 1985 | pmid = 3998992 | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.48.5.1316 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Survey of the relationship between five factor model and psychopathic personality in a sample of male prisoners in Iran |year=2011 | vauthors = Ghaderi D, Borjali A, Bahrami H, Sohrabi F |journal=Annals of Biological Research |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=116–122}}</ref> Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, it is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00169-4 |title=Personality and intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_1998-02_24_2/page/187 |year=1998 | vauthors = Furnham A, Forde L, Cotter T |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=187–92}}</ref> and "giftedness."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gallagher SA |year=1990 |title=Personality patterns of the gifted |journal=Understanding Our Gifted |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoehn L, Birely M |year=1988 |title=Mental process preferences of gifted children |journal=Illinois Council for the Gifted Journal |volume=7 |pages=28–31}}</ref> Though more recent, large-scale meta-analyses have found that the activity facet of extraversion has the most sizable positive relations with cognitive abilities.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stanek KC, Ones DS | title = Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 120 | issue = 23 | pages = e2212794120 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37252971 | pmc = 10266031 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2212794120 | bibcode = 2023PNAS..12012794S }}</ref> For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, which extraverts may find boring.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Eysenck HJ |year=1971 |title=Readings in Extraversion-Introversion |___location=New York |publisher=Wiley}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref>
Research shows that [[behavioral immune system]], the psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues and respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, may influence gregariousness. Although extraversion is associated with many positive outcomes like higher levels of happiness, those extraverted people are also more likely to be exposed to [[communicable diseases]], such as [[Airborne disease|airborne infections]], as they tend to have more contact with people. When individuals are more vulnerable to infection, the cost of being social will be relatively greater. Therefore, people tend to be less extraversive when they feel vulnerable and vice versa.<ref name="Schaller">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schaller M | title = The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 366 | issue = 1583 | pages = 3418–3426 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22042918 | pmc = 3189350 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2011.0029 }}</ref>
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== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30}}
* {{cite web | vauthors = Cain S | url = http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/06/living/successful-introverts-o/index.html | title = Secrets of a super successful introvert | work = CNN Living | date = February 6, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | vauthors = Cain S | url = http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html | work = TED talks | title = The power of introverts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315111809/http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html | archive-date=March 15, 2012 }} talk by [[Susan Cain]], author of ''[[Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking]]'' (January 2012), talks about reasons we should celebrate and encourage introversion
* {{cite web | vauthors = Helgoe L | date = September 1, 2010 | url = http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201008/revenge-the-introvert | title = Revenge of the Introvert | work = Psychology Today }}
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