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[[File:20220822 Distinguishing introversion and extraversion (extroversion) - comparison chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.5 |Behavioral and psychological characteristics distinguishing introversion and extraversion, which are generally conceived as lying along a continuum.]]
{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Extraversion''' and '''introversion''' are a central [[trait theory|trait]] dimension in human [[personality psychology|personality]] theory. The terms were introduced into psychology by [[Carl Jung]],<ref name="Psychologist he">Jung, C. G. (1921) ''Psychologische Typen'', Rascher Verlag, Zurich – translation H.G. Baynes, 1923.</ref> though both the popular understanding and current psychological usage are not the same as Jung's original concept. Extraversion (also spelled ''extroversion''<ref name="sp">{{cite web | vauthors = Barnett G |title=Is it extraversion or extroversion?|url=https://www.predictiveindex.com/blog/is-it-extraversion-or-extroversion|website=The Predictive Index|date=2016-08-02
Extraversion and introversion are typically viewed as a single [[Continuum (theory)|continuum]], so to be higher in one necessitates being lower in the other. Jung provides a different perspective and suggests that everyone has both an extraverted side and an introverted side, with one being more dominant than the other. Virtually all comprehensive models of personality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include the [[Big Five personality traits|Big Five model]], Jung's [[analytical psychology]], [[Hans Eysenck]]'s [[Hans Eysenck#Model of personality|three-factor model]], [[Raymond Cattell]]'s [[16 personality factors]], the [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]], and the [[Myers–Briggs Type Indicator]].
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[[File:ExtrovertIntrovertSpectrum.png|thumb|''[[Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking|Quiet: The Power of Introverts...]]'' author [[Susan Cain]] defines introversion and extraversion in terms of preferences for different levels of stimulation—distinguishing it from shyness (fear of social judgment and humiliation).<ref name=TimeHealthland20120127>{{cite magazine | vauthors = Szalavitz M | url = http://healthland.time.com/2012/01/27/mind-reading-qa-with-susan-cain-on-the-power-of-introverts/ | title = Mind Reading: Q&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302181731/http://healthland.time.com/2012/01/27/mind-reading-qa-with-susan-cain-on-the-power-of-introverts/ | archive-date=2012-03-02 | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] Healthland | date = January 27, 2012 }}</ref>]]
Mistaking introversion for [[shyness]] is a common error. Introversion is a preference, while shyness stems from distress. Introverts prefer solitary to social activities, but do not necessarily fear social encounters like shy people do.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Whitten M | url = http://psychcentral.com/library/shyness.htm | title = All About Shyness | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160912041228/http://psychcentral.com/library/shyness.htm | archive-date=September 12, 2016
=== Ambiversion ===
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==Implications==
Researchers have found a correlation between extraversion and self-reported happiness. That is, more extraverted people tend to report higher levels of happiness than introverts.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Myers
Extraverts report experiencing more positive emotions, whereas introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be because extraversion is socially preferable in contemporary Western culture and thus introversion feels less desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have found that extraverts tend to report higher levels of [[self-esteem]] than introverts.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00080-1 |title=Direct or indirect, that is the question: A re-evaluation of extraversion's influence on self-esteem |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2004-01_36_1/page/207 |year=2004 | vauthors = Swickert R, Hittner JB, Kitos N, Cox-Fuenzalida LE |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=207–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00078-8 |title=Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2003-04_34_6/page/921 |year=2003 | vauthors = Cheng H, Furnham A |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=921–42}}</ref> Others suggest that such results reflect [[Cultural anthropology|socio-cultural]] bias in the survey itself.<ref name="Laney, Marti Olsen 2002"/> Dr. David Meyers has claimed that happiness is a matter of possessing three traits: self-esteem, [[optimism]], and extraversion. Meyers bases his conclusions on studies that report extraverts to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of the fact that the "happiness" prompts given to the studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with," only measure happiness among extraverts.<ref name="Laney, Marti Olsen 2002"/> Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extraverts tend to be oblivious to them because they focus more on the outer world.<ref name="Psychologist he" />
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