Bus (computing): Difference between revisions

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However, this distinction{{mdashb}}that power is provided by the bus{{mdashb}}is not the case in many [[avionics|avionic systems]], where data connections such as [[ARINC 429]], [[ARINC 629]], [[MIL-STD-1553B]] (STANAG 3838), and EFABus ([[STANAG 3910]]) are commonly referred to as “data buses” or, sometimes, "databuses". Such [[avionics#Aircraft networks|avionic data buses]] are usually characterized by having several equipments or [[Line-replaceable unit|Line Replaceable Items/Units]] (LRI/LRUs) connected to a common, shared [[Media (communication)|media]]. They may, as with ARINC 429, be [[Simplex communication|simplex]], i.e. have a single source LRI/LRU or, as with ARINC 629, MIL-STD-1553B, and STANAG 3910, be [[Duplex (telecommunications)|duplex]], allow all the connected LRI/LRUs to act, at different times ([[half duplex]]), as transmitters and receivers of data.<ref name = "ASSC 2003">Avionic Systems Standardisation Committee, ''Guide to Digital Interface Standards For Military Avionic Applications'', ASSC/110/6/2, Issue 2, September 2003</ref>

The frequency or the speed of a bus is measured in Hz such as MHz and determines how many clock cycles there are per second; there can be one or more data transfers per clock cycle. If there is a single transfer por clock cycle it is known as [[Single Data Rate]] (SDR), and if there are two transfers per clock cycle it is known as [[Double Data Rate]] (DDR). Within each data transfer there can be multiple bits of data. This is described as the width of a bus which is the number of bits the bus can transfer per clock cycle and can be synonymous with the number of physical electrical conductors the bus has if each conductor transfers one bit at a time.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDwDEAAAQBAJ&dq=bus+width&pg=PA54 | isbn=978-1-000-11716-5 | title=Foundations of Computer Technology | date=25 October 2020 | publisher=CRC Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0wsBgAAQBAJ&dq=computer+bus+frequency&pg=PA39 | title=PC Systems, Installation and Maintenance | isbn=978-1-136-37442-5 | last1=Beales | first1=R. P. | date=11 August 2006 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://computer.howstuffworks.com/motherboard4.htm#:~:text=Bus%20speed%20usually%20refers%20to,dramatically%20affect%20a%20computer%27s%20performance | title=How Motherboards Work | date=20 July 2005 }}</ref> The data rate in bits per second can be obtained by multiplying the number of bits per clock cycle times the frequency times the number of transfers per clock cycle.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FnMBQAAQBAJ&q=Data+rate&pg=PA92 | title=Computer Busses | isbn=978-1-4200-4168-2 | last1=Buchanan | first1=Bill | date=25 April 2000 | publisher=CRC Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpnJDwAAQBAJ&q=Width | title=The Computer Engineering Handbook | isbn=978-1-4398-3316-2 | last1=Oklobdzija | first1=Vojin G. | date=5 July 2019 | publisher=CRC Press }}</ref> Alternatively a bus such as PCIe can use modulation or encoding such as PAM4<ref>https://www.theregister.com/2022/01/12/final_pcie_60_specs_released/</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/21335/full-draft-of-pcie-70-spec-available-512-gbs-over-pcie-x16-incoming | title=PCIe 7.0 Draft 0.5 Spec Available: 512 GB/S over PCIe x16 on Track for 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/pci-express-6-0-spec-is-finalized-doubling-bandwidth-for-ssds-gpus-and-more/ | title=PCIe 5.0 is just beginning to come to new PCS, but version 6.0 is already here | date=12 January 2022 }}</ref> which groups 2 bits into symbols which are then transferred instead of the bits themselves, and allows for an increase in data transfer speed without increasing the frequency of the bus. The effective or real data transfer speed/rate may be lower due to the use of encoding that also allows for error correction such as 128/130b (b for bit) encoding.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.xda-developers.com/pcie-6/ | title=PCIe 6.0: Everything you need to know about the upcoming standard | date=30 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://semiengineering.com/knowledge_centers/communications-io/off-chip-communications/pam-4-signaling/ | title=PAM-4 Signaling }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_TKDwAAQBAJ&dq=pcie+rate&pg=PA155 | isbn=978-0-7384-5812-0 | title=IBM z15 (8561) Technical Guide | date=13 July 2022 | publisher=IBM Redbooks }}</ref> The data transfer speed is also known as the bandwidth.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV1_LjW3pTkC&dq=agp+2133&pg=PA304 | isbn=978-0-7897-2745-9 | title=Upgrading and Repairing PCS | date=2003 | publisher=Que }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/21335/full-draft-of-pcie-70-spec-available-512-gbs-over-pcie-x16-incoming | title=PCIe 7.0 Draft 0.5 Spec Available: 512 GB/S over PCIe x16 on Track for 2025 }}</ref>

=== Bus multiplexing ===