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* better knowledge of policies and organization's goals
* improved customer valuation<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Training Employees: 11 Benefits |url=https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/importance-of-training |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Indeed Career Guide |language=en-us}}</ref>
* Enhancements in public service motivation among public employees<ref name="cac">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Chung-An |last2=Hsieh |first2=Chih-Wei |last3=Chen |first3=Don-Yun |date=March 2021 |title=Can Training Enhance Public Employees' Public Service Motivation? A Pretest–Posttest Design |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0734371X19872244 |journal=Review of Public Personnel Administration |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=194–215 |doi=10.1177/0734371X19872244 |hdl=10356/149992 |issn=0734-371X|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
However, training and development may lead to adverse outcomes if it is not strategic and goal-oriented.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Learning and development|last=Rebecca|first=Page-Tickell|isbn=9780749469894|edition= 1st|___location=London|oclc=883248797|date = 3 July 2014}}</ref> Additionally, there is a lack of consensus on the long-term outcomes of training investments;<ref name="sq">{{Cite journal |last1=Quratulain |first1=Samina |last2=Khan |first2=Abdul Karim |last3=Sabharwal |first3=Meghna |last4=Javed |first4=Basharat |date=June 2021 |title=Effect of Self-Efficacy and Instrumentality Beliefs on Training Implementation Behaviors: Testing the Moderating Effect of Organizational Climate |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0734371X19876676 |journal=Review of Public Personnel Administration |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=250–273 |doi=10.1177/0734371X19876676 |issn=0734-371X}}</ref> and in the public sector, managers often hold conservative views about the effectiveness of training.<ref name="cac" />
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* Disparities in training opportunities can adversely affect individuals from underrepresented groups, leading to slower career progression, reduced employee engagement, and limited professional growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hassett |first1=MP |title=The Effect of Access to Training and Development Opportunities, on Rate of Work Engagement Within the U.S. Federal Workforce |journal=Public Personal Management |date=2022 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=380–404 |doi=10.1177/00910260221098189 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00910260221098189}}</ref> Individuals may experience lower self-esteem and decreased motivation due to perceived or actual access to development opportunities. For example, if a leadership training program does not have minority representation, individuals may lack the confidence to “break the glass ceiling” and seek out the opportunity for themselves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eddy |first1=S |last2=Ng |first2=AG |title=The glass ceiling in context: the influence of CEO gender, recruitment practices and firm internationalisation on the representation of women in management. |journal=Human Resource Management Journal |date=2017 |volume=27 |pages=133–151 |doi=10.1111/1748-8583.12135 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1748-8583.12135 }}</ref>
* When training opportunities are not equitably distributed, organizations may have reduced diversity in leadership and decision-making, which may stifle innovation and hinder organizational performance. Failure to address these disparities can lead to higher turnover rates and lower employee morale.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=CA |title=Can Training Enhance Public Employees' Public Service Motivation? A Pretest–Posttest Design |journal=American Society for Public Administration |date=2021 |volume=41 |pages=194–215 |doi=10.1177/0734371X19872244 |hdl=10356/149992 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0734371X19872244|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Management teams that are not diverse can be self-replicating as senior leaders’ demographic characteristics significantly impact the types of programs, policies and practices implemented in the organisation – i.e. there are more likely to be diversity programs if the management team is also diverse.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eddy |first1=S |last2=Ng |first2=AG |title=The glass ceiling in context: the influence of CEO gender, recruitment practices and firm internationalisation on the representation of women in management |journal=Human Resource Management Journal |date=2017 |volume=27 |pages=133–151 |doi=10.1111/1748-8583.12135 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1748-8583.12135}}</ref>
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