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where ''σ'' is the ratio of the volume occupied by the positive charge to the volume of the whole atom. Thomson did not explain how he arrived at this equation.
===Combined effect===
To find the combined effect of the positive charge and the electrons on the beta particle's path, Thomson provided the following equation:
<math display="block">\bar{\theta} = \sqrt{\bar{\theta}_1^2 + \bar{\theta}_2^2}</math>
==Demise of the plum pudding model==
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