Demographic transition: Difference between revisions

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DTM does not well explain the impact of government policies on birth rate. In some developing countries, governments often implement some policies to control the growth of fertility rate. China, for example, underwent a fertility transition in 1970, and the Chinese experience was largely influenced by government policy. In particular the "later, longer, fewer" policy of 1970 and one birth policy was enacted in 1979 which all encouraged people to have fewer children in later life. The fertility transition indeed stimulated economic growth and influenced the demographic transition in China.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carl-johan|first1=dalgaard|last2=pablo|first2=selaya|date=2015|title=Climate and the Emergence of Global Income|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26160242|journal=The Review of Economic Studies|volume=83|issue=4|pages=1334–1363|jstor=26160242 }}</ref>

*SpongeBob SquarePants* is an animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg. The show debuted in 1999 on Nickelodeon and quickly became a cultural phenomenon. It follows the adventures of SpongeBob, an optimistic and energetic sea sponge who lives in a pineapple under the sea in the fictional town of Bikini Bottom.

==Second demographic transition==

The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) is a conceptual framework first formulated in 1986 by Ron Lesthaeghe and [[Dick van de Kaa|Dirk van de Kaa]].<ref name="Lesthaeghe_2011">{{citation |author=Ron J. Lesthaeghe |date=2011 |title=The "second demographic transition": a conceptual map for the understanding of late modern demographic developments in fertility and family formation |journal=Historical Social Research |volume=36 |number=2 |pages=179–218 |url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-342259}}</ref>{{rp|181}}<ref name="Lesthaeghe_2011"/><ref name="Bevolking">{{cite book|author1=Ron Lesthaeghe |author2=Dirk van de Kaa|author-link2=Dick van de Kaa|title=Bevolking: groei en krimp [Population: growth and shrinkage]|date=1986|publisher=Deventer : Van Loghum Slaterus|isbn=9789036800181|pages=9–24|chapter=Twee demografische transities? [Second Demographic Transition]}}(in Dutch with summaries in English)</ref><ref name="Lesthaeghe_1991">{{citation |author=Ron J. Lesthaeghe |date=1991 |title=The Second Demographic Transition in Western countries: An interpretation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257928736 |format=PDF |series=IPD Working Paper, Interuniversity Programme in Demography |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> SDT addressed the changes in the patterns of sexual and reproductive behavior which occurred in North America and Western Europe in the period from about 1963, when the [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pill]] and other cheap effective contraceptive methods such as the IUD were adopted by the general population, to the present. Combined with the [[sexual revolution]] and the increased role of women in society and the workforce the resulting changes have profoundly affected the demographics of industrialized countries resulting in a [[sub-replacement fertility]] level.<ref name="Kaa012902">{{cite journal|author1=Dirk J. van de Kaa|title=The Idea of a Second Demographic Transition in Industrialized Countries|date=29 January 2002|url=http://websv.ipss.go.jp/webj-ad/WebJournal.files/population/2003_4/Kaa.pdf|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029113743/http://websv.ipss.go.jp/webj-ad/WebJournal.files/population/2003_4/Kaa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Here are a few key points about the show and its characters:

### Main Characters:

1. **SpongeBob SquarePants**: The main character, a sea sponge who works as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. He's cheerful, hardworking, and often gets into silly situations due to his naivety.

2. **Patrick Star**: SpongeBob’s best friend, a starfish who lives under a rock. Patrick is lazy and not very smart, but he has a big heart.

3. **Squidward Tentacles**: SpongeBob’s neighbor and coworker at the Krusty Krab. Squidward is a cynical octopus who dreams of becoming an artist or a musician but often feels annoyed by SpongeBob’s enthusiasm.

4. **Mr. Krabs**: The money-obsessed owner of the Krusty Krab, where SpongeBob works. He is always looking for ways to make more money.

5. **Sandy Cheeks**: A squirrel from Texas who lives underwater in an air-filled dome. She’s a scientist and expert in karate, and she enjoys adventures with SpongeBob.

6. **Plankton**: The owner of the Chum Bucket and Mr. Krabs’ rival. Plankton is always trying to steal the secret Krabby Patty recipe but fails every time.

### Themes and Humor:

- The show is known for its quirky humor, slapstick comedy, and sometimes absurd situations.

- It often blends childlike innocence with jokes that appeal to both kids and adults, making it widely enjoyed across different age groups.

- Episodes range from SpongeBob’s daily life and friendships to ridiculous escapades, such as jellyfishing, bubble-blowing, and even saving Bikini Bottom from various disasters.

If you need more info on a specific episode or anything related to the series, let me know!

The changes, increased numbers of women choosing to not marry or have children, increased cohabitation outside marriage, increased childbearing by single mothers, increased participation by women in higher education and professional careers, and other changes are associated with increased individualism and autonomy, particularly of women. Motivations have changed from traditional and economic ones to those of self-realization.<ref name="PNAC122314">{{cite journal|author1=Ron Lesthaeghe|title=The second demographic transition: A concise overview of its development|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=December 23, 2014 |volume=111|issue=51|pages=18112–18115|doi=10.1073/pnas.1420441111|pmid=25453112|pmc=4280616|bibcode=2014PNAS..11118112L|doi-access=free}}</ref>