Virtual reality applications: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:05, 25 November 2024

Revision as of 07:01, 28 November 2024

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Research shows that [[Physician|physicians]] who experience VR simulations improved their dexterity and performance in the [[Operating theater|operating room]] significantly more than control groups.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Seymour |first1=Neal E. |last2=Gallagher |first2=Anthony G. |last3=Roman |first3=Sanziana A. |last4=O'Brien |first4=Michael K. |last5=Bansal |first5=Vipin K. |last6=Andersen |first6=Dana K. |last7=Satava |first7=Richard M. |date=October 2002 |title=Virtual Reality Training Improves Operating Room Performance: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blinded Study |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=236 |issue=4 |pages=458–63; discussion 463–4 |doi=10.1097/00000658-200210000-00008 |pmc=1422600 |pmid=12368674}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Ahlberg |first1=Gunnar |last2=Enochsson |first2=Lars |last3=Gallagher |first3=Anthony G. |last4=Hedman |first4=Leif |last5=Hogman |first5=Christian |last6=McClusky III |first6=David A. |last7=Ramel |first7=Stig |last8=Smith |first8=C. Daniel |last9=Arvidsson |first9=Dag |date=2007-06-01 |title=Proficiency-based virtual reality training significantly reduces the error rate for residents during their first 10 laparoscopic cholecystectomies |journal=The American Journal of Surgery |volume=193 |issue=6 |pages=797–804 |doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.06.050 |pmid=17512301}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last1=Colt |first1=Henri G. |last2=Crawford |first2=Stephen W. |last3=Galbraith III |first3=Oliver |date=2001-10-01 |title=Virtual reality bronchoscopy simulation*: A revolution in procedural training |journal=Chest |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=1333–1339 |doi=10.1378/chest.120.4.1333 |issn=0012-3692 |pmid=11591579}}</ref><ref name=":21">Larsen, C.R., Oestergaard, J., Ottesen, B.S., and Soerensen, J.L. "The efficacy of virtual reality simulation training in laparoscopy: a systematic review of randomized trials". ''Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica''. 2012; 91: 1015–1028</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Peng |last2=Pan |first2=Junjun |last3=Wang |first3=Zhaoxue |last4=Shen |first4=Yang |last5=Li |first5=Jialun |last6=Hao |first6=Aimin |last7=Wang |first7=Haipeng |date=2022-02-10 |title=Quantitative influence and performance analysis of virtual reality laparoscopic surgical training system |journal=BMC Medical Education |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=92 |doi=10.1186/s12909-022-03150-y |doi-access=free |issn=1472-6920 |pmc=8832780 |pmid=35144614}}</ref> A 2020 study found that clinical students trained through VR scored higher across various areas, including [[diagnosis]], [[Surgical procedure|surgical methods]], and overall performance, compared to those taught traditionally.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Alcala |first1=Nicolas |last2=Piazza |first2=Martin |last3=Hobbs |first3=Gene |last4=Quinsey |first4=Carolyn |date=2021-09-28 |title=Assessment of Contemporary Virtual Reality Programs and 3D Atlases in Neuroanatomical and Neurosurgical Education |url=https://cjim.pub/index.php/cjim/article/view/572 |journal=Carolina Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.47265/cjim.v1i1.572 |issn=2692-0549|doi-access=free }}</ref> Trainees may use real instruments and video equipment to practice in simulated surgeries.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Alaraj |first1=Ali |last2=Lemole |first2=MichaelG |last3=Finkle |first3=JoshuaH |last4=Yudkowsky |first4=Rachel |last5=Wallace |first5=Adam |last6=Luciano |first6=Cristian |last7=Banerjee |first7=PPat |last8=Rizzi |first8=SilvioH |last9=Charbel |first9=FadyT |date=2011 |title=Virtual reality training in neurosurgery: Review of current status and future applications |journal=Surgical Neurology International |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=52 |doi=10.4103/2152-7806.80117 |pmc=3114314 |pmid=21697968 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Through the revolution of computational analysis abilities, fully immersive VR models are currently available in neurosurgery training. Ventriculostomy catheters insertion, [[Endoscopy|endoscopic]] and endovascular simulations are used in neurosurgical residency training centers across the world. Experts see VR training as an essential part of the curriculum of future training of neurosurgeons.<ref name="auto" />

In one of these studies for example from 2022, Participants were given a touch-screen monitor, two surgical handlers, and two-foot pedals that were designed to emulate a real world laparoscopic simulator .<ref name=":22" />. When participants were asked to perform simulated surgery tasks (Figure 1), they performed significantly better than a control group that wasn’t training using VR .<ref name=":22" />. In addition to doing better on tasks, those who got VR training demonstrated significant time savings and enhanced performance in the previously mentioned critical areas.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" /> . Participants who trained using virtual reality also demonstrated reduced cognitive load, suggesting that they were able to learn the content with significantly less mental strain. These findings demonstrate how VR-based simulators, which provide a secure and entertaining environment for practicing surgical techniques, have the potential to completely transform laparoscopic training. <ref name=":22" />

[[File:12909_2022_3150_Fig2_HTML.webp|center|thumb|499x499px|The three tests tested in the 2022 study (from left to right) peg transfer, picking beans, and threading skill practice.]]

[[File:12909_2022_3150_Fig3_HTML.webp|center|thumb|499x499px|The virtual reality simulator from the 2022 study, depicting (from left to right) fixed point hemostasis, peg transfer, picking beams and colon resection]]

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=== VR Usage In Medical Fields ===

Virtual reality (VR) technology has emerged as a significant tool in medical training and education. Specifically, there has been a major leap in innovation in surgical simulation and surgical real-time enhancement .<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last1=Elessawy |first1=Mohamed |last2=Mabrouk |first2=Mohamed |last3=Heilmann |first3=Thorsten |last4=Weigel |first4=Marion |last5=Zidan |first5=Mohamed |last6=Abu-Sheasha |first6=Ghada |last7=Farrokh |first7=Andre |last8=Bauerschlag |first8=Dirk |last9=Maass |first9=Nicolai |last10=Ibrahim |first10=Mohamed |last11=Kamel |first11=Dina |date=2021-02-02 |title=Evaluation of Laparoscopy Virtual Reality Training on the Improvement of Trainees' Surgical Skills |journal=Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.3390/medicina57020130 |doi-access=free |issn=1648-9144 |pmc=7913105 |pmid=33540817}}</ref>. Studies done at North Carolina medical institutions have demonstrated improvement in technical performance and skills among medical students and active surgeons using VR training as compared to traditional training, especially in procedures such as total hip arthroplasty .<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=Laparoscopic Visualization Research |url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/us/laparo.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.cs.unc.edu}}</ref>. Alongside this, other VR simulation programs, improve basic coordination, instrument handling, and procedure-based skills. These simulations aim to have high ratings for feedback and haptic touch, which provides a more realistic surgical feel .<ref name=":23" />.

Studies show significant improvement in task completion time and scores after 4-week training sessions. This simulation environment also allows surgeons to practice without risk to real patients, promoting patient safety .<ref name=":23" />.

Based on data from research conducted by the University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein and collaborators from other institutions, medical students and surgeons with years of experience, show marked performance boosts after practicing with VR technology.

Another recent study at North Carolina University of Chapel Hill has shown that developing VR systems has allowed for laparoscopic imaging integration, real-time skin layer visualization, and enhanced surgical precision capabilities .<ref name=":24" />.

These are examples of how studies have shown surgeons can take advantage of additional virtual reality simulation practices, which can create incredible experiences, provide customized scenarios, and provide independent learning with haptic feedback .<ref name=":23" />. These VR systems need to be realistic enough for education tools alongside being able to measure the performance of a surgeon.

Other studies in VR have used VR to improve Type and Screen (T&S) procedural training for medical practitioners, addressing the challenges of traditional training methods. T&S is critical for blood typing and antibody screening to ensure patient safety during transfusions .<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Yuk Ming |last2=Ng |first2=George Wing Yiu |last3=Chia |first3=Nam Hung |last4=So |first4=Eric Hang Kwong |last5=Wu |first5=Chun Ho |last6=Ip |first6=Wai Hung |date=2020-10-04 |title=Application of virtual reality ( VR ) technology for medical practitioners in type and screen (T&S) training |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcal.12494 |journal=Journal of Computer Assisted Learning |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=359–369 |doi=10.1111/jcal.12494 |hdl=10397/94594 |issn=0266-4909|hdl-access=free }}</ref>. The traditional training method is “See One, Do One, Teach One” or SODOTO, which tends to fall short due to a limited amount of teachers and resources. In order to tackle this problem, a VR-based training program was created and developed using Unity3D, allowing surgeons to train through an effective, safe, and repeatable alternative .<ref name=":25" />. This VR system came with a head-mounted display and Leap Motion Controller, which simulated a hospital environment. There was also full equipment, procedures, and realistic blood drawing and sterilization. Additionally, error notifications and progress reports enhanced this training experience .<ref name=":25" />. The three main factors that were studied through this experiment were content, motivation, and readiness, and the statistical analysis throughout this study confirmed strong correlations between these factors and the program’s reliability and impact .<ref name=":25" />. This is one of the many cases where combining VR with traditional training can really enhance practical skills and prepare surgeons for their future.

Lastly, there was a study done on two VR platforms, Oculus and Gear VR, to evaluate their effectiveness in teaching medical and health science students about spinal anatomy .<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last1=Moro |first1=Christian |last2=Štromberga |first2=Zane |last3=Stirling |first3=Allan |date=2017-11-29 |title=Virtualisation devices for student learning: Comparison between desktop-based (Oculus Rift) and mobile-based (Gear VR) virtual reality in medical and health science education |url=https://ajet.org.au/index.php/AJET/article/view/3840 |journal=Australasian Journal of Educational Technology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=6 |doi=10.14742/ajet.3840 |issn=1449-5554}}</ref>. It examined the performance of student perceptions and the potential side effects associated with each device. While there are a lot of benefits to using VR technology, there are also some adverse effects such as nausea and blurred vision .<ref name=":26" />. Especially he participants using the Gear VR technology .<ref name=":26" />. This group ended up experiencing up to 40% more issues compared to the Oculus Rift group. Even with many drawbacks, this study highlighted that mobile-based Gear VR is the cost-effective alternative to Oculus Rift. The findings of this student indicate that even with mobile VR devices, medical students can train for a more practical and affordable price .<ref name=":26" />. Future implementations of this study can consider the tradeoffs between using VR platforms for education, mobile VR platforms for education, and in-person training for medical education.

Some potential future challenges of this technology would be enhancing complex scenarios alongside the realism aspects. These technologies would need to incorporate stress-inducing factors along with other realistic simulation ideas. Furthermore, there would be a strong need to keep things cost-effective with an abundance of availability .<ref name=":23" />.

=== Military training ===