Hidden-variable theory: Difference between revisions

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Born's interpretation of the wave function was criticized by Schrödinger, who had previously attempted to interpret it in real physical terms, but [[Albert Einstein]]'s response became one of the earliest and most famous assertions that quantum mechanics is incomplete:

<blockquote>Quantum mechanics is very worthy of respect. But an inner voice tells me this is not the genuine article after all. The theory delivers much but it hardly brings us closer to the Old One's secret. In any event, I am convinced that ''He'' is not playing dice.<ref>‘Jedenfalls bin ich überzeugt, daß ''der'' nicht würfelt’</ref><ref name="v627">{{cite | last=Landsman | first=Klaas | title=Indeterminism and Undecidability | date=2020 | doi=10.48550/ARXIV.2003.03554 | doi-access=free | url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03554 | access-date=2024-12-22 | page=3}}</ref><ref name="Einstein letter, 4 Dec 1926">[https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol15-trans/437 The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 15: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, June 1925-May 1927 (English Translation Supplement), p. 403]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Born–Einstein letters: correspondence between Albert Einstein and Max and Hedwig Born from 1916–1955, with commentaries by Max Born|year=1971|publisher=Macmillan|page=91}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Niels Bohr]] reportedly replied to Einstein's later expression of this sentiment by advising him to "stop telling God what to do."<ref>This is a common paraphrasing. Bohr recollected his reply to Einstein at the 1927 [[Solvay Congress]] in his essay "Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics", in ''Albert Einstein, Philosopher–Scientist'', ed. Paul Arthur Shilpp, Harper, 1949, p. 211: "...in spite of all divergencies of approach and opinion, a most humorous spirit animated the discussions. On his side, Einstein mockingly asked us whether we could really believe that the providential authorities took recourse to dice-playing ("''ob der liebe Gott würfelt''"), to which I replied by pointing at the great caution, already called for by ancient thinkers, in ascribing attributes to Providence in everyday language." Werner Heisenberg, who also attended the congress, recalled the exchange in ''Encounters with Einstein'', Princeton University Press, 1983, p. 117,: "But he [Einstein] still stood by his watchword, which he clothed in the words: 'God does not play at dice.' To which Bohr could only answer: 'But still, it cannot be for us to tell God, how he is to run the world.'"</ref>