Gitxsan language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:48, 28 December 2024

Revision as of 12:36, 18 January 2025

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The Gitxsan inventory is as follows:<ref name=IPA/><ref name=JIPA>{{Cite journal |last1=Rigsby |first1=Bruce |last2=Ingram |first2=John |date=1990 |title=Obstruent Voicing and Glottalic Obstruents in Gitksan |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |language=en |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=251–263 |doi=10.1086/466152 |jstor=1265131|s2cid=143894491 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable IPA" style=text-align:center

|+Gitxsan vowels

!

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The mid and high vowels are nearly in complementary distribution, suggesting that Gitxsan once had a three-vowel system. Short mid vowels are emerging. Schwa only occurs in unstressed syllables. /eː/ and /oː/ have short allophones [e] and [o] in certain positions.

{| class="wikitable IPA" style=text-align:center

|+Gitxsan consonants

|-

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! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]

!<small>plain</small>

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|p}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|t}}

|

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|kʲ}} {{angbr|k}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|kʷ}} {{angbr|kw}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|q}} {{angbr|ḵ}}

| rowspan="2" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ꞌ}}

|-

![[glottalic consonant|<small>glottalized</small>]]

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|pˀ}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|tˀ}}

|

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|kʲˀ}} {{angbr|kꞌ}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|kʷˀ}} {{angbr|kwꞌ}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|qˀ}} {{angbr|ḵꞌ}}

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate]]

!<small>plain</small>

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|t͡s}} {{angbr|ts}}

|

|

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![[glottalic consonant|<small>glottalized</small>]]

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|t͡sˀ}} {{angbr|tsꞌ}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|t͡ɬˀ}} {{angbr|tlꞌ}}

|

|

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! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|s}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|ɬ}} {{angbr|hl}}

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|xʲ}} {{angbr|x}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|xʷ}} {{angbr|xw}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|χ}} {{angbr|x̱}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|h}}

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Sonorant]]

!<small>plain</small>

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|m}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|n}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|l}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|w}}

|

|

|-

![[Glottalic consonant|<small>glottalized</small>]]

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|mˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌm}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|nˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌn}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|lˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌl}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|jˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌy}}

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|wˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌw}}

|

|

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==Further reading==

* {{Cite book |last1=Bicevskis |first1=Katie |last2=Davis |first2=Henry |last3=Matthewson |first3=Lisa |title=Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language: Volume II |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-44328-7 |editor-last=Paperno |editor-first=Denis |series=Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy |volume=II |pages=281–382 |chapter=Quantification in Gitksan |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_6 |editor-last2=Keenan |editor-first2=Edward L.}}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Jason |last2=Davis |first2=Henry |last3=Schwan |first3=Michael |last4=Sennott |first4=Barbara |date=2016 |title=Gitksan |department=Illustrations of the IPA |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=367–378 |doi=10.1017/S0025100315000432 |doi-access=free}}

* [[Marjorie Halpin|Halpin, Marjorie]], and Margaret Seguin (1990) "Tsimshian Peoples: Southern Tsimshian, Coast Tsimshian, Nishga, and Gitksan." In ''Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast,'' ed. by Wayne Suttles, pp.&nbsp;267–284. Washington: Smithsonian Institution).

* Hindle, Lonnie and Bruce Rigsby (1973) ''A Short Practical Dictionary of the Gitksan language,'' Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 1:1-60.

* {{Cite journal |last=Matthewson |first=Lisa |date=2013 |title=Gitksan Modals |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |language=en |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=349–394 |doi=10.1086/670751 |s2cid=224806943}}

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{{Penutian languages}}

[[Category:Gitxsan|*L01]]

[[Category:Tsimshianic languages]]