Decompression theory: Difference between revisions

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The practical efficacy of gas switches from helium-based diluent to nitrox for accelerating decompression has not been demonstrated convincingly. These switches increase risk of inner ear decompression sickness due to counterdiffusion effects.<ref name="Mitchell 2016" />
 
{{expand section|from<ref name="Blömeke 2024" >{{cite magazine |url=https://indepthmag.com/thalmann-algorithm/ |title=Dial In Your DCS Risk with the Thalmann Algorithm |magazine=InDepth |first=Tim |last=Blömeke |date=3 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190438/https://indepthmag.com/thalmann-algorithm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=April 2024}}
 
== Teaching of decompression theory ==
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|url=https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/default.aspx?a=news&id=514 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Bookspan" >{{cite web |url=http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/articles/Are_Tissue_Halftimes_Real |title=Are Tissue Halftimes Real? |last=Bookspan |first=Jolie |date=June 2005 |work=DAN Mediucal articles |publisher=Divers Alert Network |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012235042/https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/articles/Are_Tissue_Halftimes_Real |url-status=live }}</ref>
|title=Are Tissue Halftimes Real?
|last=Bookspan |first=Jolie |date=June 2005
|work=DAN Mediucal articles |publisher=Divers Alert Network |access-date=8 March 2016 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Bookspan 2003" >{{Cite journal |last1=Bookspan |first1=J. |title=Detection of endogenous gas phase formation in humans at altitude |journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise |volume=35 |issue=5 |date=May 2003 |page=S164 |url=http://scuba-doc.com/bubbalt.html |access-date=7 May 2012 |doi=10.1097/00005768-200305001-00901 |doi-access=free |archive-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119000233/http://scuba-doc.com/bubbalt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Bookspan 2003" >{{Cite journal |last1=Bookspan |first1=J.
|title=Detection of endogenous gas phase formation in humans at altitude
|journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise |volume=35 |issue=5|date=May 2003 |page=S164
|url=http://scuba-doc.com/bubbalt.html |access-date=7 May 2012
|doi=10.1097/00005768-200305001-00901|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Brubakk >{{cite book |title=Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
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|isbn=978-0-387-13308-9 |author-link=Albert A. Bühlmann }}</ref>
 
<ref name="burton2004">{{cite web |last=Burton |first=Steve |title=Isobaric Counter Diffusion |publisher=ScubaEngineer |date=December 2004 |url=http://www.scubaengineer.com/isobaric_counter_diffusion.htm |access-date=3 February 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310021040/http://www.scubaengineer.com/isobaric_counter_diffusion.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="burton2004">{{cite web |last=Burton |first=Steve
|title=Isobaric Counter Diffusion |publisher=ScubaEngineer |date=December 2004
|url=http://www.scubaengineer.com/isobaric_counter_diffusion.htm |access-date=3 February 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Campbell 1997" >{{cite web |url=http://www.scuba-doc.com/dcsprbs.html#DCS:Definition |title=Decompression Illness in Sports Divers: Part I |last=Campbell |first=Ernest S. |year=1997 |work=Medscape Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine eJournal, 1(5) |publisher=Medscape Portals, Inc. |access-date=14 March 2016| ___location=Orange Beach, Ala. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129115052/http://www.scuba-doc.com/dcsprbs.html#DCS:Definition |archive-date=29 January 2010 }}</ref>
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<ref name="CMAS-ISA Tx Manual">{{cite book |last1=Beresford |first1=M. |last2=Southwood |first2=P. |title=CMAS-ISA Normoxic Trimix Manual |edition=4th |year=2006 |publisher=CMAS Instructors South Africa |___location=Pretoria, South Africa }}</ref>
 
<ref name="DAN data uploads">{{cite web |url=https://www.daneurope.org/send-your-dive-profile |title=Send your Dive Profile |last=<!-- not specified --> |website=daneurope.org |publisher=DAN Europe |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408170051/http://www.daneurope.org/send-your-dive-profile |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="DAN projects">{{cite web |url=https://www.daneurope.org/our-projects |title=Our Projects |last=<!-- not specified --> |work=DAN Europe website |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411164440/https://www.daneurope.org/our-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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<ref name="DecoWeenie">{{cite web |url=http://www.decoweenie.com/DecoWeenie%20Manual%2039.pdf |title=Decoweenie Manual |publisher=decoweenie.com |access-date=26 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906142904/http://www.decoweenie.com/DecoWeenie%20Manual%2039.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2008 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Deep stops">{{cite web |url=http://wrobell.it-zone.org/decotengu/_downloads/deepstops.pdf |title=Clearing Up The Confusion About 'Deep Stops' |last=Baker |first=Erik C |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305200507/http://wrobell.it-zone.org/decotengu/_downloads/deepstops.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Denoble">{{cite web |url=http://www.alertdiver.com/?articleNo=255 |title=Deep stops |last=Denoble |first=Petar |date=Winter 2010 |work=Alert Diver |publisher=Diver Alert Network |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004074855/http://www.alertdiver.com/?articleNo=255 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Doboszynski 2012" >{{cite journal |title=Oxygen-driven decompression after air, nitrox, heliox and trimix saturation exposures |last1=Doboszynski |first1=T |last2=Sicko |first2=Z |last3=Kot |first3=J |year=2012 |journal=Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |publisher=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Inc. }}</ref>
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<ref name="Doolette & Mitchell 2003" >{{cite journal |last1=Doolette |first1=David J. |last2=Mitchell |first2=Simon J. |title=Biophysical basis for inner ear decompression sickness |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=2145–50 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12562679 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.01090.2002 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Doolette and Mitchell 2013" >{{cite journal |last1=Doolette |first1=D.J. |last2=Mitchell |first2=S.J. |title=Recreational technical diving part 2: decompression from deep technical dives |journal=Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine |date=June 2013 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=96–104 |url=https://www.eubs.org/documents/DHM%20vol43%20no2.pdf |publisher=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society and the European Underwater and Baromedical Society |issn=1833-3516 |pmid=23813463 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105040347/https://www.eubs.org/documents/DHM%20vol43%20no2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Doolette et al 2015" >{{cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD1000575.pdf |publisher=Navy Experimental Diving Unit |___location=Panama City, FL |work=TA 13-04, NEDU TR 15-04 |date=May 2015 |title=Decompression from He-N<sub>2</sub>-O<sub>2</sub> (Trimix) Bounce Dives is not more efficient than from He-O<sub>2</sub> (Heliox) Bounce Dives |first1=David J. |last1=Doolette |first2=Keith A. |last2=Gault |first3=Wayne A. |last3=Gerth }}</ref>
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<ref name="EOW" >{{cite journal |title=The Extended Oxygen Window Concept for Programming Saturation Decompressions Using Air and Nitrox |last1=Kot |first1=Jacek |first2=Zdzislaw |last2=Sicko |first3=Tadeusz |last3=Doboszynski |year=2015 |journal=PLOS ONE |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130835 |pages=1–20 |pmid=26111113 |pmc=4482426 |volume=10 |issue = 6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030835K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
<ref name="FAA" >{{cite web |url=http://www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybrochures/media/dcs.pdf |publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] |title=Altitude-induced Decompression Sickness |access-date=21 February 2012 |archive-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203141302/http://www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybrochures/media/dcs.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Flook 2004" >{{cite book |last=Flook |first=Valerie |title=Excursion tables in saturation diving - decompression implications of current UK practice RESEARCH REPORT 244 |url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr244.pdf |access-date=27 November 2013 |year=2004 |publisher=Prepared by Unimed Scientific Limited for the Health and Safety Executive |___location=Aberdeen, U.K. |isbn=0-7176-2869-8 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225652/http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr244.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name=gernhardt >{{cite journal |last=Gernhardt |first=M.L. |title=Biomedical and Operational Considerations for Surface-Supplied Mixed-Gas Diving to 300 FSW. |editor1-last=Lang |editor1-first=M.A. |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=N.E. |journal=Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |place=Washington, DC |year=2006 }}</ref>
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<ref name="Gurr 2019" >{{cite web |url=https://gue.com/blog/create-more-efficient-decompressions-using-gradient-factors/ |title=Variable Gradient Model: An Approach To Create More Efficient Decompressions |date=2 July 2019 |last=Gurr |first=Kevin |website=In Depth |access-date=11 February 2021 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Goldman" >{{cite journal |url=http://moderndecompression.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ARTICLE-TEXT-AND-FIGS.pdf |title=To stop or not to stop and why? |last1=Goldman |first1=Saul |last2=Goldman |first2=Ethel |publisher=DAN South Africa |journal=Alert Diver |issn=2071-7628 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=34–37 |year=2014 |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001728/http://moderndecompression.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ARTICLE-TEXT-AND-FIGS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Goldman 2007" >{{cite journal |last=Goldman |first=Saul |date=19 April 2007 |title=A new class of biophysical models for predicting the probability of decompression sickness in scuba diving |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=484–493 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00315.2006 |pmid=17446410 }}</ref>
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<ref name="Goldman 2010" >{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=Saul |last2=Goldman |first2=Ethel |year=2010 |title=Coming soon to a Dive Computer near you |journal=Alert Diver (European Edition) |publisher=DAN Europe |___location=Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy |issue=4th quarter, 2010 |pages=4–8 |url=http://moderndecompression.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/published-article-comprss-1.pdf }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Goldman 2013" >{{cite web |url=http://moderndecompression.com/?p=294 |title=How SAUL relates to the PADI dive tables |last=Goldman |first=Saul |date=23 September 2013 |work=Modern decompression |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403222353/http://moderndecompression.com/?p=294 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Gorman" >{{cite web |title=Decompression theory |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/DECOMPRESSION_THEORY.pdf |last=Gorman |first=Des |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019222158/http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/DECOMPRESSION_THEORY.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Gorman1988" >{{cite journal |last1=Gorman |first1=Desmond F. |last2=Pearce |first2=A. |last3=Webb |first3=R.K. |title=Dysbaric illness treated at the Royal Adelaide Hospital 1987, a factorial analysis |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=95–101 }}</ref>
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<!--<ref name="Imbert 2006">{{cite journal |last=Imbert |first=Jean Pierre |title=Commercial Diving: 90m Operational Aspects |journal=Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |editor=Lang |editor2=Smith |date=February 2006 |url=http://www.plongeesout.com/articles%20publication/decompression/imbert/imbert%2090m.pdf |access-date=30 June 2012 }}</ref>-->
 
<ref name="Imbert 2004">{{cite conference |first1=J.P. |last1=Imbert |first2=D. |last2=Paris |first3=J. |last3=Hugon |publisher=Divetech |___location=France |date=2004 |title=The Arterial Bubble Model for Decompression Tables Calculations |conference=EUBS 2004 |url=http://gtuem.praesentiert-ihnen.de/tools/literaturdb/project2/pdf/Imbert%20JP.%20-%20EUBS%202004.pdf |access-date=14 March 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155219/http://gtuem.praesentiert-ihnen.de/tools/literaturdb/project2/pdf/Imbert%20JP.%20-%20EUBS%202004.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Imbert 2004">{{cite conference
|first1=J.P. |last1=Imbert |first2=D. |last2=Paris |first3=J. |last3=Hugon
|publisher= Divetech |___location=France |date=2004
|title=The Arterial Bubble Model for Decompression Tables Calculations
|conference=EUBS 2004
|url=http://gtuem.praesentiert-ihnen.de/tools/literaturdb/project2/pdf/Imbert%20JP.%20-%20EUBS%202004.pdf }}</ref>
 
<ref name="IMCAD022">{{cite book |last=Staff |editor=Paul Williams |title=The Diving Supervisor's Manual |url=http://www.imca-int.com/diving |edition=IMCA D 022 May 2000, incorporating the May 2002 erratum |year=2002 |publisher=International Marine Contractors' Association |___location=London |isbn=978-1-903513-00-2 |archive-date=12 August 2001 |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010812220108/http://www.imca-int.com/diving/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Kasture" >{{cite book |last=Kasture |first=A.V.
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<ref name="LeMessurier and Hills" >{{cite journal |last1=LeMessurier |first1=H. |last2=Hills |first2=B.A. |year=1965 |title=Decompression Sickness. A thermodynamic approach arising from a study on Torres Strait diving techniques |journal=Hvalradets Skrifter |volume=48 |pages=54–84 }}</ref>
 
<ref name=logodiving >{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/egs/dive/ |title=Dive Computers and Diving Simulations |work=LogoDiving |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322052112/http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/egs/dive/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Maiken" >{{cite web |url=http://www.decompression.org/maiken/Bubble_Decompression_Strategies.htm |title=Part I: background and theory. Bubble physics |last=Maiken |first=Eric |year=1995 |work=Bubble Decompression Strategies |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412210256/http://www.decompression.org/maiken/Bubble_Decompression_Strategies.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Masurel et al 1987" >{{cite report |title=Hydrogen dive and decompression. |last1=Masurel |first1=G. |last2=Gutierrez |first2=N. |last3=Giacomoni |first3=L. |year=1987|work=Abstract of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. Annual Scientific Meeting held May 26–30, 1987. The Hyatt Regency Hotel, Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Medscape" >{{cite web |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769717-overview#a5|title=Pathophysiology|last=Staff|date=May 2014|work=Medscape Drugs & Diseases |publisher=Medscape |pages=Organ involvement associated with decompression sickness |access-date=8 March 2016|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308011400/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769717-overview#a5|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Mitchell 2016" >{{cite conference |url=https://www.omao.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Rebreathers%20and%20Scientific%20Diving%20Proceedings%202016.pdf |title=Decompression Science: Critical Gas Exchange |first1=Simon J. |last1=Mitchell |editor1-last=Pollock |editor1-first=NW |editor2-last=Sellers |editor2-first=SH |editor3-last=Godfrey |editor3-first=JM |work=Rebreathers and Scientific Diving. Proceedings of NPS/NOAA/DAN/AAUS June 16–19, 2015 Workshop |___location=Wrigley Marine Science Center, Catalina Island, CA |year=2016 |pages=163–174 |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811200013/https://www.omao.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Rebreathers%20and%20Scientific%20Diving%20Proceedings%202016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Mitchell 2020" >{{cite web |title=What is optimal decompression?<!-- Dr Simon Mitchell - Wats is optimal decompression? --> |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIO9qI5XODw |via=YouTube |publisher=#NurkowiePomagajmySobie |date=16 May 2020 |last=Mitchell |first=Simon |access-date= 30 September 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108164357/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIO9qI5XODw |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<!-- <ref name="Mitchell 2021-1" >{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYIux8KbUKo |title=Deco theory with Prof. Simon Mitchell, part 1/3: Contributing factors to decompression stress |publisher=UTD Diving |date=23 March 2021 |first=Simon |last=Mitchell |via=YouTube }}</ref>
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<ref name="Mitchell 2021-2" >{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AicUyu4WGA0 |title=Deco theory with Prof. Simon Mitchell, part 2/3: Gas density and CO<sub>2</sub> retention |publisher=UTD Diving |date=23 March 2021 |first=Simon |last=Mitchell |via=YouTube }}</ref>-->
 
<ref name="Mitchell 2021-3" >{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28_wM9CXXQ8 |title=Deco theory with Prof. Simon Mitchell, part 3/3: Deep Stops, the good the bad and the how we changed |publisher=UTD Diving |date=23 March 2021 |first=Simon |last=Mitchell |via=YouTube |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008095041/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28_wM9CXXQ8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Moon1998" >{{cite journal |last1=Moon |first1=Richard E. |first2=Joseph |last2=Kisslo |title=PFO and decompression illness: An update |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=1998 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 }}</ref>
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<ref name="NOAA" >{{cite book |title=The NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWI8e8rVbJ0C&q=helium+%28He%29+is+the+other+inert+gas+commonly+used+in+breathing+mixtures+for+divers |access-date=8 March 2016 |edition=illustrated |year=1992 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-56806-231-0 |pages=15.1 |chapter=15: Mixed gas and oxygen diving }}</ref>
 
<ref name="NORSOK U100" >{{cite book |last=Staff |title=NORSOK Standard U-100: Manned underwater operations |url=http://www.standard.no/en/sectors/energi-og-klima/Petroleum/NORSOK-Standard-Categories/U-Underwater-Op/U-100-Edition-2-July-2008/ |edition=3rd |date=April 2009 |publisher=Standards Norway |___location=Lysaker, Norway |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017144027/http://www.standard.no/en/sectors/energi-og-klima/Petroleum/NORSOK-Standard-Categories/U-Underwater-Op/U-100-Edition-2-July-2008/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Papadopoulou 2013" >{{cite journal |last1=Papadopoulou |first1=Virginie |first2=Robert J. |last2=Eckersley |first3=Costantino |last3=Balestra |first4=Thodoris D. |last4=Karapantsios |first5=Meng-Xing |last5=Tang |year=2013 |title=A critical review of physiological bubble formation in hyperbaric decompression |journal=Advances in Colloid and Interface Science |volume=191-192 |publisher=Elsevier |issue=191–192 |pages=22–30 |doi=10.1016/j.cis.2013.02.002 |pmid=23523006 |hdl=10044/1/31585 |s2cid=34264173 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Perdix manual" >{{cite book |url=https://www.shearwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Perdix-UserManual-SI-DocRevD.pdf |title=Perdix Operating Manual |version=DOC. 13007-SI-RevD (2020-01-15) |author=Shearwater Research |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716133245/https://www.shearwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Perdix-UserManual-SI-DocRevD.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Pilmanis 2004" >{{cite journal |last1=Pilmanis |first1=A.A. |last2=Petropoulos |first2=L.J. |last3=Kannan |first3=N. |last4=Webb |first4=J.T. |title=Decompression sickness risk model: development and validation by 150 prospective hypobaric exposures |journal=Aviat Space Environ Med |year=2004 |volume=75 |issue=9 |pages=749–759 |pmid=15460625 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Pittman" >{{cite book |last=Pittman |first=R.N. |title=Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation. |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54112/ |year=2011 |publisher=Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences |___location=San Rafael (CA) |chapter=Chapter 2: The Circulatory System and Oxygen Transport |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031030712/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54112/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="pmid1226586" >{{cite journal |last1=Kindwall |first1=Eric P. |first2=A. |last2=Baz |first3=E.N. |last3=Lightfoot |first4=Edward H. |last4=Lanphier |first5=A. |last5=Seireg |title=Nitrogen elimination in man during decompression |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=285–297 |year=1975 |issn=0093-5387 |oclc=2068005 |pmid=1226586 }}</ref>
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<ref name="Scharlin et al 1998" >{{cite journal |last1=Scharlin |first1=P. |last2=Battino |first2=R. |last3=Silla |first3=E. |last4=Tuñón |first4=I. |last5=Pascual-Ahuir |first5=J.L. |year=1998 |title=Solubility of gases in water: Correlation between solubility and the number of water molecules in the first solvation shell |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=1895–1904 |doi=10.1351/pac199870101895 |s2cid=96604119 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Shearwater" >{{cite web |url=https://shearwater.com/blogs/community/evolution-of-dive-planning |title=Evolution of Dive Planning |date=11 August 2020 |website=shearwater.com |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424173256/https://shearwater.com/blogs/community/evolution-of-dive-planning |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<!--<ref name="Sport Diving">Sport Diving, British Sub Aqua Club, ISBN 0-09-163831-3, page 104</ref>-->
 
<ref name="Stephenson" >{{cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=Jeffrey |year=2016 |title=Pathophysiology, treatment and aeromedical retrieval of SCUBA – related DCI |journal=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health |publisher=Australasian Military Medicine Association |volume=17 |issue=3 |issn=1839-2733 |url=http://jmvh.org/article/pathophysiology-treatment-and-aeromedical-retrieval-of-scuba-related-dci/ |archive-date=23 December 2017 |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223104343/http://jmvh.org/article/pathophysiology-treatment-and-aeromedical-retrieval-of-scuba-related-dci/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Thalmann 1984-24">{{harvnb|Thalmann|1984|p=24}}</ref>
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<ref name="Van Liew 1993" >{{cite journal |last1=Van Liew |first1=Hugh D. |last2=Conkin |first2=J. |last3=Burkard |first3=M.E. |title=The oxygen window and decompression bubbles: estimates and significance |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=859–65 |year=1993 |issn=0095-6562 |pmid=8216150 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Van Liew and Conkin 2007" >{{cite conference |last1=Van Liew |first1=H.D. |last2=Conkin |first2=J. |year=2007 |title=A start toward micronucleus-based decompression models: Altitude decompression |work=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. Annual Scientific Meeting, 14–16 June 2007. Ritz-Carlton Kapalua Maui, Hawaii (http://www.uhms.org) }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Vann 1984" >{{cite web |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA151743.pdf |title=Decompression from Saturation Dives |last=Vann |first=R. D. |date=March 1984 |work=Proceedings of the 3rd annual Canadian Ocean Technology Congress |pages=175–186 |access-date=5 April 2016 |___location=Toronto, Canada |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318110044/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA151743.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Vann 1989" >{{cite conference |title=The Physiological Basis of Decompression: An overview |editor-last=Vann |editor-first=Richard D. |last=Vann |first=Richard D. |year=1989 |work=Proceedings of the thirty-eighth undersea and hyperbaric medical society workshop |publisher=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |___location=Bethesda, Maryland |pages=1–10 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Vann and Dunford 2013" >{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJ5smR8W26U |title=Evidence-Based Decompression |date=23 September 2013 |via=YouTube |last1=Vann |first1=Richard D. |last2=Dunford |first2=Richard |publisher=DAN TV |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005151225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJ5smR8W26U |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Vann et al 2004" >{{cite journal |last1=Vann |first1=R.D. |last2=Gerth |first2=W.A. |last3=Denoble |first3=P.J.
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<ref name="Vann et al 2009" >{{cite journal |journal=Aviat Space Environ Med |date=May 2009 |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=466–71 |title=Resolution and severity in decompression illness |first1=Richard D. |last1=Vann |first2=Petar J. |last2=Denoble |first3=Laurens E. |last3=Howle |first4=Paul W. |last4=Weber |first5=John J. |last5=Freiberger |first6=Carl F. |last6=Pieper |pmid=19456008 |doi=10.3357/asem.2471.2009 }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Wienke 1989" >{{cite journal |title=Tissue gas exchange models and decompression computations: a review |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=53–89 |last=Wienke |first=B.R. |year=1989 |publisher=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. |pmid=2648656 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Wienke 1990" >{{cite report |url=http://www.si.edu/dive/pdfs/proceedings_safeascents.pdf |title=Phase dynamics and diving |year=1990 |pages=13–29 |last=Wienke |first=Bruce R. |editor1-first=Michael A. |editor1-last=Lang |editor2-first=Glen H. |editor2-last=Egstrom |work=Proceedings of the AAUS Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop |publisher=American Academy of Underwater Science |___location=Costa Mesa CA. |archive-date=18 October 2013 |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018183438/http://www.si.edu/dive/pdfs/proceedings_safeascents.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Wienke 2002" >{{harvnb|Wienke|2002}}</ref>
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<ref name="Workman 1957" >{{cite journal |last=Workman |first=Robert D. |title=Calculation of air saturation decompression tables |year=1957 |journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-RR-11-57 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Young 1982" >{{cite web |url=http://srdata.nist.gov/solubility/IUPAC/SDS-27-28/SDS-27-28-intro_12.pdf |title=The solubility of gases in liquids |last1=Young |first1=C.L. |last2=Battino |first2=R. |last3=Clever |first3=H.L. |year=1982 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222043604/http://srdata.nist.gov/solubility/IUPAC/SDS-27-28/SDS-27-28-intro_12.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Yount 1990" >{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/dive/pdfs/proceedings_safeascents.pdf |title=The physics of bubble formation |last=Yount |first=David E. |editor1-first=Michael A. |editor1-last=Lang |editor2-first=Glen H. |editor2-last=Egstrom |work=Proceedings of the AAUS Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop |year=1990 |publisher=American Academy of Underwater Science |___location=Costa Mesa CA. |pages=13–29 |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018183438/http://www.si.edu/dive/pdfs/proceedings_safeascents.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Yount and Hoffman" >{{cite web |url=http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/hawau/hawauwr84004.pdf |title=Decompression theory: a dynamic critical-volume hypothesis |year=1984 |work=Underwater physiology VIII: Proceedings of the eighth symposium on underwater physiology. |publisher=Undersea Medical Society |pages=131–146 |___location=Bethesda |last1=Yount |first1=David E. |first2=D.C. |last2=Hoffman |editor1-last=Bachrach |editor1-first=A.J. |editor2-last=Matzen |editor2-first=M.M. |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313040227/http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/hawau/hawauwr84004.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref>