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For hardware functions such as [[input and output]] and [[memory allocation]], the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,<ref>{{cite book | last = Stallings | title = Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | ___location = Pearson |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Dhotre| first = I.A.| title = Operating Systems. | publisher = Technical Publications | year = 2009 |page=1}}</ref> although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes [[system call]]s to an OS function or is [[interrupt]]ed by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer{{snd}}from cellular phones and video game consoles to [[web server]]s and [[supercomputer]]s.
{{as of|2024|09|}}, [[Android (operating system)|Android]] is the most popular operating system with a 46% market share, followed by [[Microsoft Windows]] at 26%, [[iOS]] and [[iPadOS]] at 18%, [[macOS]] at 5%, and [[Linux]] at 1%. Android, iOS, and iPadOS are mobile operating systems, while Windows, macOS, and Linux are desktop operating systems.<ref name="gs.statcounter.com">{{Cite web |title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=StatCounter Global Stats |language=en}}</ref> [[Linux distribution]]s are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems),<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|title=VII. Special-Purpose Systems - Operating System Concepts, Seventh Edition [Book]|website=www.oreilly.com|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613190049/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|title=Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English|website=www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614034001/https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|url-status=live}}</ref> such as [[Embedded system|embedded]] and real-time systems, exist for many applications. [[Security-focused operating system]]s also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements (e.g. [[light-weight Linux distribution]]). Others may have higher system requirements.
Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers ([[OEM]]-installation), whereas others may run directly from media (i.e. [[live CD]]) or flash memory (i.e. [[USB flash drive|USB]] stick).
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{{Main|Computer security}}
Security means protecting users from other users of the same computer, as well as from those who seeking remote access to it over a network.{{sfn|Tanenbaum|Bos|2023|pp=605-606}} <!-- A [[Vulnerability (computing)|vulnerability]] is when a bug can be exploited to compromise the system or its data; an [[Exploit (computer security)|exploit]] is the signal needed to trigger the bug causing the vulnerability.{{sfn|Tanenbaum|Bos|2023|p=606}} Often the goal of the attacker is to install [[malware]], whether in the form of a [[computer virus|virus]], [[computer worm|worm]], or [[Trojan (malware)|Trojan]].{{sfn|Tanenbaum|Bos|2023|p=607}} --> Operating systems security rests on achieving the [[CIA triad]]: confidentiality (unauthorized users cannot access data), integrity (unauthorized users cannot modify data), and availability (ensuring that the system remains available to authorized users, even in the event of a [[denial of service attack]]).{{sfn|Tanenbaum|Bos|2023|p=608}} As with other computer systems, isolating [[security ___domain]]s—in the case of operating systems, the kernel, processes, and [[virtual machine]]s—is key to achieving security.{{sfn|Tanenbaum|Bos|2023|p=609}} Other ways to increase security include simplicity to minimize the [[attack surface]], locking access to resources by default, checking all requests for authorization, [[principle of least authority]] (granting the minimum privilege essential for performing a task), [[privilege separation]], and reducing shared data.{{sfn|Tanenbaum|Bos|2023|pp=609–610}}
Some operating system designs are more secure than others. Those with no isolation between the kernel and applications are least secure, while those with a [[monolithic kernel]] like most general-purpose operating systems are still vulnerable if any part of the kernel is compromised. A more secure design features [[microkernel]]s that separate the kernel's privileges into many separate security domains and reduce the consequences of a single kernel breach.{{sfn|Tanenbaum|Bos|2023|p=612}} [[Unikernel]]s are another approach that improves security by minimizing the kernel and separating out other operating systems functionality by application.{{sfn|Tanenbaum|Bos|2023|p=612}}
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{{Further|Usage share of operating systems|Comparison of operating systems}}
{{as of|2024|09|}}, [[Android (operating system)|Android]] is the most popular operating system with a 46% market share, followed by [[Microsoft Windows]] at 26%, [[iOS]] and [[iPadOS]] at 18%, [[macOS]] at 5%, and [[Linux]] at 1%. Android, iOS, and iPadOS are [[mobile operating system]]s, while Windows, macOS, and Linux are desktop operating systems.<ref
===Linux===
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