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Although the idea of evolving programs, initially in the computer language [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], was current amongst John Holland's students,<ref>A personal communication with [http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/~tom/ Tom Westerdale]</ref> it was not until they organised the first [[Genetic algorithm|Genetic Algorithms]] (GA) conference in Pittsburgh that Nichael Cramer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/icga85_cramer.html|title=A representation for the Adaptive Generation of Simple Sequential Programs|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> published evolved programs in two specially designed languages, which included the first statement of modern "tree-based" Genetic Programming (that is, procedural languages organized in tree-based structures and operated on by suitably defined GA-operators). In 1988, [[John Koza]] (also a PhD student of John Holland) patented his invention of a GA for program evolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/Koza_1990_pat-GAsp.html|title=Non-Linear Genetic Algorithms for Solving Problems|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> This was followed by publication in the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence IJCAI-89.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/Koza89.html|title=Hierarchical genetic algorithms operating on populations of computer programs|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref>
Koza followed this with 205 publications on “Genetic Programming” (GP), name coined by David Goldberg, also a PhD student of John Holland.<ref>Goldberg. D.E. (1983), Computer-aided gas pipeline operation using genetic algorithms and rule learning. Dissertation presented to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Michigan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D.</ref> However, it is the series of 4 books by Koza, starting in 1992<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/koza_book.html|title=Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> with accompanying videos,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTMpKrKkYXo| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/tTMpKrKkYXo| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Genetic Programming:The Movie|website=gpbib.cs.ucl.ac.uk| date=16 December 2020|language=en|access-date=2021-05-20}}{{cbignore}}</ref> that really established GP. Subsequently, there was an enormous expansion of the number of publications with the Genetic Programming Bibliography, surpassing 10,000 entries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gpbib.cs.ucl.ac.uk/gp-html/Hu_2014_Alife.html|title=The effects of recombination on phenotypic exploration and robustness in evolution|website=gpbib.cs.ucl.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> In 2010, Koza<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/Koza_2010_GPEM.html|title=Human-competitive results produced by genetic programming|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> listed 77 results where Genetic Programming was human competitive.
In 1996, Koza started the annual Genetic Programming conference<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/koza_gp96.html|title=Genetic Programming 1996: Proceedings of the First Annual Conference|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> which was followed in 1998 by the annual EuroGP conference,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/banzhaf_1998_GP.html|title=Genetic Programming|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> and the first book<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/langdon_book.html|title=Genetic Programming and Data Structures: Genetic Programming + Data Structures = Automatic Programming!|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> in a GP series edited by Koza. 1998 also saw the first GP textbook.<ref name="cs.bham.ac.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/banzhaf_1997_book.html|title=Genetic Programming -- An Introduction; On the Automatic Evolution of Computer Programs and its Applications|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> GP continued to flourish, leading to the first specialist GP journal<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banzhaf|first=Wolfgang|date=2000-04-01|title=Editorial Introduction|journal=Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines|language=en|volume=1|issue=1–2|pages=5–6|doi=10.1023/A:1010026829303|issn=1389-2576}}</ref> and three years later (2003) the annual Genetic Programming Theory and Practice (GPTP) workshop was established by Rick Riolo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/RioloWorzel_2003.html|title=Genetic Programming Theory and Practice|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref name="field guide">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gp-field-guide.org.uk/|title=A Field Guide to Genetic Programming|website=www.gp-field-guide.org.uk|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> Genetic Programming papers continue to be published at a diversity of conferences and associated journals. Today there are nineteen GP books including several for students.<ref name="cs.bham.ac.uk"/>
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| 2000 || Grammar-guided GP - Dynamic grammar pruning is applied in initialization|| <ref>{{cite book |last1=Ratle |first1=Alain |last2=Sebag |first2=Michèle |chapter=Genetic Programming and Domain Knowledge: Beyond the Limitations of Grammar-Guided Machine Discovery |title=Parallel Problem Solving from Nature PPSN VI |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2000 |volume=1917 |pages=211–220 |doi=10.1007/3-540-45356-3_21 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45356-3_21 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-41056-0 |language=en}}</ref>
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| 2001 || [[Gene expression programming]] || <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=Candida |title=Gene Expression Programming: a New Adaptive Algorithm for Solving Problems |journal=arXiv |date=2001 |doi=10.48550/arXiv.cs/0102027|bibcode=2001cs........2027F }}</ref>
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| 2012 || Multi-gene GP - Combination of classical method for parameter estimation and structure selection || <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gandomi |first1=Amir Hossein |last2=Alavi |first2=Amir Hossein |title=A new multi-gene genetic programming approach to nonlinear system modeling. Part I: materials and structural engineering problems |journal=Neural Computing and Applications |date=1 February 2012 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=171–187 |doi=10.1007/s00521-011-0734-z |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00521-011-0734-z |language=en |issn=1433-3058}}</ref>
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