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{{main|Cosmological lithium problem}}
The actual observable amount of lithium in the universe is less than the calculated amount from the ΛCDM model by a factor of 3–4.<ref name=fields11>{{cite journal |last=Fields |first=B. D. |date=2011 |title=The primordial lithium problem |journal=[[Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]] |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445| doi-access=free |arxiv=1203.3551 |bibcode=2011ARNPS..61...47F}}</ref><ref name="Snowmass21"/>{{rp|141}} If every calculation is correct, then solutions beyond the existing ΛCDM model might be needed.<ref name="fields11" />
=== Shape of the universe ===
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