Object-oriented programming: Difference between revisions

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Independently of later MIT work such as AED, [[Simula]] was developed during the years 1961–1967.<ref name=simuladev/>

Simula introduced important concepts that are today an essential part of object-oriented programming, such as [[Class (computer programming)|class]] and [[Object (computer science)|object]], inheritance, and [[Dynamic binding (computing)|dynamic binding]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last = Holmevik|first = Jan Rune|title = Compiling Simula: A historical study of technological genesis|journal = [[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]]|volume = 16|issue = 4|pages = 25–37|date = Winter 1994|url = http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/simula/holmevik-simula-ieeeannals94.pdf|doi = 10.1109/85.329756|s2cid = 18148999|access-date = 3 March 2018|archive-date = 30 August 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170830065454/http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/simula/holmevik-simula-ieeeannals94.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref>

The object-oriented Simula programming language was used mainly by researchers involved with [[physical modelling]], such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports.<ref name="auto"/> Simula is generally accepted as being the first language with the primary features and framework of an object-oriented language.<ref>{{cite website |last1=Madsen |first1=Ole Lehrman |title=Kristen Nygaard |journal=A.M. Turing Award Laureates |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/nygaard_5916220.cfm|access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>

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</ref> Much of the theory of OOP was developed in the context of Smalltalk, for example multiple inheritance.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Borning |first1=Alan Hamilton |title=Thinglab--a constraint-oriented simulation laboratory. |date=1979 |url=https://constraints.cs.washington.edu/ui/thinglab-tr.pdf |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref>

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During the late 1970s and 1980s, object-oriented programming rose to prominence. The [[Flavors (programming language)|Flavors]] object-oriented Lisp was developed starting 1979, introducing [[multiple inheritance]] and [[mixins]].<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Moon |first1=David A. |author-link1=David A. Moon |date=June 1986 |title=Object-Oriented Programming with Flavors |book-title=Conference proceedings on Object-oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications |pages=1–8 |isbn=978-0-89791-204-4 |conference=[[OOPSLA]] '86 |doi=10.1145/28697.28698 |s2cid=17150741 |url=https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/150FP/archive/david-moon/flavors.pdf |access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref> In 1981, Goldberg edited the August issue of [[Byte Magazine]], introducing Smalltalk and object-oriented programming to a wide audience.<ref>{{cite news |title=Introducing the Smalltalk Zoo |url=https://computerhistory.org/blog/introducing-the-smalltalk-zoo-48-years-of-smalltalk-history-at-chm/ |work=CHM |date=17 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> LOOPS, the object system for [[Interlisp]]-D, was influenced by Smalltalk and Flavors, and a paper about it was published in 1982.<ref>{{cite conference | title=LOOPS: data and object oriented Programming for Interlisp|date=1982|conference=European AI Conference|last1=Bobrow|first1=D. G.|last2=Stefik|first2=M. J|url=https://www.markstefik.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/1982-Bobrow-Stefik-Data-Object-Pgming.pdf}}</ref> In 1986, the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] organized the first ''Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications'' (OOPSLA), which was attended by 1,000 people. Among other developments was the [[Common Lisp Object System]], which integrates functional programming and object-oriented programming and allows extension via a [[Meta-object protocol]]. In the 1980s, there were a few attempts to design [[Processor design|processor architectures]] that included [[Computer hardware|hardware]] support for objects in [[Computer memory|memory]] but these were not successful. Examples include the [[Intel iAPX 432]] and the [[Linn Products|Linn Smart]] [[Rekursiv]].

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{{See also|List of object-oriented programming languages}}

Concerning the degree of object orientation, the following distinctions can be made:

[[Simula]] (1967) is generally accepted as being the first language with the primary features of an object-oriented language. It was created for making [[Computer simulation|simulation programs]], in which what came to be called objects were the most important information representation. [[Smalltalk]] (1972 to 1980) is another early example and the one with which much of the theory of OOP was developed. Concerning the degree of object orientation, the following distinctions can be made:

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* Languages called "pure" OO languages, because everything in them is treated consistently as an object, from primitives such as characters and punctuation, all the way up to whole classes, prototypes, blocks, modules, etc. They were designed specifically to facilitate, even enforce, OO methods. Examples: [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]], [[Smalltalk]], [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], [[Emerald (programming language)|Emerald]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emeraldprogramminglanguage.org/|title=The Emerald Programming Language| date=26 February 2011}}</ref> [[JADE (programming language)|JADE]], [[Self (programming language)|Self]], [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]].