Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 11:56, 12 February 2025

Revision as of 12:05, 12 February 2025

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== Research ==

===Effectiveness===

ASystematic reviews in 2013, including a [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] systematic reviewstudy comparing EMDR with other psychotherapies in the treatment of chronic PTSD found EMDR to be just as effective as TF-CBT and(trauma-focused morecognitive effectivebehavioral thantherapies).<ref thename="Watt2013">{{cite otherjournal non| vauthors = Watts BV, Schnurr PP, Mayo L, Young-TFXu Y, Weeks WB, Friedman MJ | title = Meta-CBTanalysis psychotherapiesof the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 74 | issue = 6 | pages = e541–e550 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23842024 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.12r08225 | s2cid = 23087402 }}</ref><ref name="Bisson2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Cooper R, Lewis C | title = Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2013 | issue = 12 | page = CD003388 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24338345 | pmc = 6991463 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4 }}</ref><ref name="Watt2013">{{citeA journal2023 |Cochrane vauthorssystematic =review Wattsanalyzed BV,psychosocial Schnurrinterventions PP,for Mayosurvivors L,of Young-Xurape Y,and Weekssexual WB,assault Friedmanexperienced MJduring |adulthood titleand =concluded Meta-analysisthat ofEMDR theis efficacya of"first-line treatmentstreatment" for posttraumaticPTSD stressalong disorderwith |other journaltrauma-focused =psychotherapies, Thesuch Journalas of ClinicalCognitive PsychiatryProcessing Therapy and Prolonged Exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Doherty volume|first=Lorna |last2=Whelan 74|first2=Maxine |last3=Carter issue|first3=Grace J. |last4=Brown 6|first4=Katherine |last5=Tarzia pages|first5=Laura |last6=Hegarty e541–e550|first6=Kelsey |last7=Feder date|first7=Gene |last8=Brown June|first8=Sarah 2013J. |date=2023-10-05 pmid|title=Psychosocial interventions for survivors of rape and sexual assault experienced during adulthood |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37795783 23842024|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=10 doi|issue=10 |pages=CD013456 |doi=10.40881002/JCP14651858.12r08225CD013456.pub2 |issn=1469-493X s2cid |pmc=PMC10552071 23087402 |pmid=37795783}}</ref>

Caution was urged interpreting the results due to low numbers in included studies, risk of [[Experimenter's bias|researcher bias]], high drop-out rates, and overall "very low" quality of evidence for the comparisons with other psychotherapies.<ref name="Bisson2013" /> A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the effect size of EMDR for PTSD is comparable to other evidence-based treatments, but that the strength of evidence was of a low quality,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cusack K, Jonas DE, Forneris CA, Wines C, Sonis J, Middleton JC, Feltner C, Brownley KA, Olmsted KR, Greenblatt A, Weil A, Gaynes BN | display-authors = 6 | title = Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 43 | pages = 128–141 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26574151 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.003 | doi-access = free }}</ref> indicating that the effect sizes achieved are associated with substantial uncertainty. A 2018 systematic review found moderate strength of evidence supporting the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing symptoms of PTSD and depression, as well as increasing the likelihood of patients losing their PTSD diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/ptsd-adult-treatment-update/research-2018 |title=Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Update |last1=Forman-Hoffman |first1=Valerie |last2=Cook Middleton |first2=Jennifer |date=2018-05-17 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) |doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer207 |last3=Feltner |first3=Cynthia |last4=Gaynes |first4=Bradley N. |last5=Palmieri Weber |first5=Rachel |last6=Bann |first6=Carla |last7=Viswanathan |first7=Meera |last8=Lohr |first8=Kathleen N. |last9=Baker |first9=Claire}}</ref>

Many randomized trials of EMDR have been criticized for poor control groups,<ref name ="SBM"/> small sample sizes,<ref name="SAB_Psychotherapy">{{cite journal |title=Expert opinion on the scientific recognition of the EMDR method (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=German Medical Association Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy |date=September 2006 |volume=37 |issue=103 |url=https://www.wbpsychotherapie.de/fileadmin/user_upload/_old-files/downloads/pdf-Ordner/WBP/EMDR_Dtsch_Arztebl.pdf |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref name = "Cuijpers 2020"/> and other methodological flaws.<ref name = "Cuijpers 2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuijpers P, Veen SC, Sijbrandij M, Yoder W, Cristea IA | title = Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Cognitive Behaviour Therapy | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 165–180 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32043428 | doi = 10.1080/16506073.2019.1703801 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11577/3461344 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Bisson2013/><ref name="KaptanDursunKnowles2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaptan SK, Dursun BO, Knowles M, Husain N, Varese F | title = Group eye movement desensitization and reprocessing interventions in adults and children: A systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized trials | journal = Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 784–806 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 33415797 | doi = 10.1002/cpp.2549 | s2cid = 231194631 | eissn = 1099-0879 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It has been called a [[purple hat therapy]] because any effectiveness is provided by the underlying therapy (or the standard treatment), not from EMDR's distinctive features.<ref name="SciAm_2012">{{cite news | vauthors = Arkowitz H, Lilienfeld SO |title=EMDR: Taking a Closer Look |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/emdr-taking-a-closer-look/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=Scientific American |date=1 August 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Exposure Treatments for Anxiety Disorders: A Practitioner's Guide to Concepts, Methods, and Evidence-Based Practice |vauthors=Rosquist |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136915772 |page=94}}</ref>

There is some evidence that EMDR can be as effective as [[trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy]] (TF-CBT) for treating PTSD, though one systematic review article raised concerns about the quality of the underlying studies.<ref name = "Cuijpers 2020"/> Another recent systematic review concluded "A recent increase in RCTs [randomized controlled trials] of psychological therapies for PTSD, results in a more confident recommendation of CBT-T and EMDR as the first-line treatments."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Catrin |last2=Roberts |first2=Neil P. |last3=Andrew |first3=Martin |last4=Starling |first4=Elise |last5=Bisson |first5=Jonathan I. |date=2020-12-31 |title=Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20008198.2020.1729633 |journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/20008198.2020.1729633 |issn=2000-8066 |pmc=PMC7144187 |pmid=32284821}}</ref>

===Client experience===