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Their effects are far-reaching; by increasing the amount of respiration in the oceans, viruses are indirectly responsible for reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by approximately 3 [[gigatonne]]s of carbon per year.<ref name="pmid17853907" />
Marine mammals are also susceptible to viral infections. In 1988 and 2002, thousands of harbour seals were killed in Europe by [[phocine distemper virus]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hall A, Jepson P, Goodman S, Harkonen T | title= Phocine distemper virus in the North and European Seas – Data and models, nature and nurture | journal= Biological Conservation | volume= 131 | issue= 2 | pages= 221–229 | year= 2006 |doi = 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.008 | bibcode= 2006BCons.131..221H }}</ref> Many other viruses, including [[caliciviruses]], [[Herpesviridae|herpesviruses]], [[adenovirus]]es and [[parvovirus]]es, circulate in marine mammal populations.<ref name="pmid17853907" />
Viruses can also serve as an alternative food source for microorganisms which engage in [[Virovore|virovory]], supplying nucleic acids, nitrogen, and phosphorus through their consumption.<ref name="New Virovore">{{Cite journal |last1=DeLong |first1=John P. |last2=Van Etten |first2=James L. |last3=Al-Ameeli |first3=Zeina |last4=Agarkova |first4=Irina V. |last5=Dunigan |first5=David D. |date=2023-01-03 |title=The consumption of viruses returns energy to food chains |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=e2215000120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2215000120 |doi-access=free |pmid=36574690 |pmc=9910503 |bibcode=2023PNAS..12015000D |issn=0027-8424}}</ref><ref name="First Virovore">{{cite news |last1=Irving |first1=Michael |title=First "virovore" discovered: An organism that eats viruses |url=https://newatlas.com/science/first-virovore-eats-viruses/ |access-date=29 December 2022 |publisher=New Atlas |date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229023549/https://newatlas.com/science/first-virovore-eats-viruses/ |archive-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>
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