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[[Jean Piaget]] suggested, in his 1918 book ''Recherche''{{sfn|Piaget|1918}} and later works, that the unity of science can be considered in terms of a circle of the sciences, where logic is the foundation for mathematics, which is the foundation for mechanics and physics, and physics is the foundation for chemistry, which is the foundation for biology, which is the foundation for sociology, the moral sciences, psychology, and the theory of knowledge, and the theory of knowledge forms a basis for logic, completing the circle,{{sfn|Braun|Baribeau|1984}} without implying that any science could be [[Reductionism|reduced]] to any other.{{sfn|Kitchener|1981}} More recently, multilevel [[complex system]]s are considered to be [[transdisciplinary]]<ref name=trans/> objects of study.{{sfn|Cat|2017}}{{sfn|Bunge|2003|pp=4, 250}}
==Criticism==
{{See also|Theory of everything#Definition of fundamental laws}}{{See also|Gödel's incompleteness theorems}}
The allure of a unified scientific framework, built upon the bedrock of [[reductionism]], falters when confronted with the intractable complexities of [[Nonlinear system|non-linear systems]]. While the reductionist ideal promises to dissect reality into its fundamental components, revealing the underlying unity of logic, math, physics, chemistry, and biology, it stumbles against the phenomenon of [[emergence]]. Here, properties arise from intricate interactions, defying simple decomposition and rendering the "whole" demonstrably more than the sum of its parts. This exposes a critical deficiency: reductionism, while powerful, cannot fully account for the emergent behaviors that define much of the natural world. Equally insufficient is [[Holism|wholism]], which, while acknowledging the significance of the whole, provides no concrete mechanisms for understanding its genesis. Consequently, the pursuit of a singular "theory of everything" risks oversimplification, demanding instead a more nuanced approach that acknowledges the inherent limitations of both reductionism and wholism, and embraces the insights offered by complexity science to navigate the intricate tapestry of reality.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kesić |first1=Srdjan |title=Systems biology, emergence and antireductionism |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4992115/ |website=Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1016/j. |date=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=O’Connor |first1=Timothy |title=Emergent Properties |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties-emergent/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |date=2021}}</ref>
==See also==
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